Published monthly by the 

University of the State of. New York 

BULLETIN 258 JUNE 1902 



New York State Museum 

Frederick J. H. Merrill Director 



Bulletin 55 
ARCHEOLOGY 7 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS 



OF THE 



NEW YORK INDIANS 



BY 



WILLIAM M. BEAUCHAMP S.T.D. 



PAGE 

List of authorities 3 

Introduction . 6 

Native copper articles 20 

Recent copper and brass implements. 45 

Brass kettles 50 

Metallic pipes 56 



PAGE 

Trade axes 59 

Knives... *. 68 

Miscellaneous 73 

Explanation of plates 79 

Plates 1-38 face 86 

Index 87 



ALBANY 

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
1902 



Miosm-D 1-1500 



Price 25 cents 



University of the State of New York 

REGENTS 
With years of election 

1874 Anson Judd Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D. 

Chancellor, Glens Falls 

1892 William Croswell Doane D.D. LL.D. 

Vice Chancellor, Albany 
1873 Martin I. Townsend M.A. LL.D. - Troy 
1877 Chauncey M. Depew LL.D. - - - New York 

1877 Charles E. Fitch LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. - - Rochester 

1878 Whitelaw Reid M.A. LL.D. - - - New York 
1881 William H. Watson M.A. LL.D. M.D. - - Utica 
188 1 Henry E. Turner LL.D. - Lowville 
1883 St Clair McKelway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn 
1885 Daniel Beach Ph.D. LL.D, - Watkins 
1888 Carroll E. Smith LL.D. - Syracuse 
1890 Pliny T. Sexton LL.D. - Palmyra 
1890 T. Guilford Smith M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - Buffalo 

1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - - New York 
1895 Albert Vander Veer Ph.D. M.D. - Albany 
1895 Charles R. Skinner M.A. LL.D. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 
1897 Chester S. Lord M.A. LL.D. _ _ _ Brooklyn 
1897 Timothy L. Woodruff M.A. Lieutenant Governor, ex officio 

1899 John T. McDonough LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio 

1900 Thomas A. Hendrick M.A, LL.D. - Rochester 

1901 Benjamin B. Gdell jr LL.D. Governor, ex officio 

190 1 Robert C. Pruyn M.A. - Albany 

1902 William Nottingham M.A. Ph.D. - Syracuse 



SECRETARY 
Elected by Regents 

1900 James Russell Parsons jr M.A. LL.D. 

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 

1888 Melvil Dewey M.A. LL.D . State ' Library and Home Education 
1890 James Russell Parsons jr M.A. LL.D. 

Administrative, College and High School Defts 
1890 Frederick J. H. Merrill Ph.D. State Museum 



University of the State of N°w York 



lew York State Museum 

Frederick J. H. Merrill Director 



Bulletin 55 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS 



OF THE 



NEW YORK INDIANS 



LIST OF AUTHORITIES ON METALLIC IMPLEMENTS 

The following works are referred to in the bulletin by the abbreviations 
in the left margin. 
Abbott 



Abbott. Copper. 
Barber 

Beauchamp 

Belknap 

Boyle 

Cammerhoff 
Cartier 



Abbott, C. C. Primitive industry. Salem (Mass.) 
1881. 

Use of copper by the Delaware Indians. 

(see American naturalist, 1885, 19:774) 
Barber, Edwin A. Antiquity of the tobacco pipe 

in Europe, (see American antiquarian, 1879, 

2:1) 

Beauchamp, W: M. The good hunter and the 
Iroquois medicine, (see Journal of American 
folk-lore, 1901, 14:153) 

Belknap, Jeremy. Biographies of the early dis- 
coverers of America. 1798. 

New York reprint n. d. 

Boyle, David. Notes on primitive man in 
Ontario. Appendix to report of minister of 
education for Ontario. Toronto 1895. 

Cammerhoff, J: F: Diary of the journey of Br. 
Cammerhoff and David Zeisberger to the 5 
Nations from May 3-14 to August 6-17, 1750. 

Manuscript in the N . Y. state library, translated from the original 
In Bethlehem Pa. by Miss Clara Frueauff. 

Cartier, Jacques. Short and brief narration of 
the navigation made by the commandement of 
the king of France, to the islands of Canada. 
Hochelaga, Saguenay, and divers others which 
are now called New France (in Hakluyt's prin- 



4 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Champlain 
Cheney- 
Clark 
Golden 
Dawson 
Frey 

Frey. Letters 
Hazard 

Hoy 

Jordan 

Kellogg 

Larkin 
Loskiel 



Martin 
Moore 



Moorehead 
O'Callaghan 



cipal navigations) Lond. 1600. (see Dawson, 
Sir J: W. Fossil men and their modern repre- 
sentatives. Lond. 1883) 

Champlain, Samuel de. Voyages; tr. fr. L he 
French by C: P. Otis. Bost. 1878. {see Prince 
society. Publications. 2:236) 

Cheney, T. A. Ancient monuments in western 
New York, (see New York state cabinet of 
natural history. 13th annual report. 1859. 
in Senate documents 1860. no. 89 [e]) 

Clark, J. V. H. Onondaga; or, Reminiscences of 
earlier and later times. Syracuse 1849. 

Colden, Cadwallader. History of the five Indian 
nations of Canada. Lond. 1755. 

Dawson, Sir J: W. Fossil men and their 
modern representatives. Lond. 1883. 

Frey, S. L: Were they mound-builders? (see 
American naturalist, Oct. 1879, 13: 637-44) 

Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

Hazard, Samuel. Pennsylvania archives, 1664- 
1790. ser. 1. Phil. 1852-56. 

Hoy, P. R. How and by whom were the copper 
implements made? Racine 1886. 

Jordan, Francis. Aboriginal wood working, (see 
Numismatical and antiquarian society of Phila- 
delphia. Proceedings. Phil. 1891. p. 76) 

Kellogg, D. S. Aboriginal dwelling-sites in the 
Champlain valley, (see American association 
for the advancement of science. Proceedings. 
1887. 36:308) 

Larkin, Frederick. Ancient man in America, 
n. p. 1880. 

Loskiel, G-: H: History of the missions of the 
United brethren among the Indians in North 
America; tr. fr. the German by C. I. La Trobe. 
Lond. 1794. 

Martin, John. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

Moore, C. B. Certain sand mounds of the St 
John's river, Florida, (see Academy of natural 
sciences of Philadelphia. Journal. Phil. 1894. 
10:5) 

Moorehead, W. K. Prehistoric implements, a 
reference book. Saranac Lake. 1900. 

O'Callaghan, E. B. ed: Documentary history of 
the state of New York. Alb. 1849-51. 



AUG 29 1*07 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW STORK INDIANS 



5 



O'Callaghan. Col. hist. 
Perkins 
Radisson 

Rau 

Rau. Aborig. 
Rau. Arch. 
Relation 

Simms 
Smith 
Squier 

Stone 
Strachey 

Thomas 
Van Curler 

Van Epps 

Van Epps. Letters. 
Weiser 

"Williams 



Wilson 



Documents relative to the colonial his- 
tory of the state of New York. Alb. 1853-87. 
Perkins, G: H. Archaeology of the Champlain 
valley, (see American naturalist, 1879, 13:731) 
Radisson, P. E. Voyages . . . being an account 
of . . . travels among the North American 
Indians fr. 1652-1684. Bost. 1885. (see Prince 
society. Publications) 
Rau, Charles. Articles on anthropological sub- 
jects. Wash. 1882. 

Ancient aboriginal trade , in North 

America. Wash. 1882, 

Archaeological collection of the United 

States national museum. Wash. 1876. 
Relations des Jesuites. Quebec 1858. 

More easily accessible in Burrows's fine translated edition 
Cleveland. 

Simms, J. R. Frontiersmen of New York. Alb. 
1882. 

Smith, Capt. John. Generall historie of Vir- 
ginia, etc. Lond. 1624. 
Squier, E. G. Antiquities of the state of New 
York with a supplement on the antiquities of 
the West. Buffalo 1851. 
Stone, W: L. Life of Joseph Brant— Thayen- 

danegea. N. Y. 1838. 
Strachey, William. Historie of travaile into 
Virginia, Britannia, etc. Lond. 1849. (see Hak- 
luyt society publications) 
Thomas, Cyrus. Report on the mound explora- 
tions of the bureau of ethnology. Wash. 1894. 
Van Curler, Arent. Arent Van Curler and his 
journal of 1634-35; ed. by Gen. J. G. Wilson. 
Wash. 1896. 

Later journal in O'Callaghan, v. 13. 
The name is usually spelled Corlear or Corlaer. 

Van Epps, P. M. The mutilation of archaelogic 
finds, (see American antiquarian, 1894, 16:110) 

Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

Weiser, Conrad. Report of journey to Onon- 
daga in 1743. (see Pa. archives) 
Williams, Roger. Key into the language of 
America; or, An help to the language of the 
natives in New England. Lond. 1643. 

There are several American reprints, the best being that of the 
Narraffunsett club, edited by Trumbull. 

Wilson, J. G, Arent Van Curler and his journal 
of 1634-35. Wash. 1S96. 

Published by American historical association. 



6 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF THE NEW YORK INDIANS 

The stone and bronze ages of Europe have little reference to 
America except in a very broad sense. Using stone implements 
here from the earliest times to the present day, men may have 
used copper also in New York when the whites came, as some 
others had done centuries before. There had been a time when 
durable or massive implements were made of this. Customs 
changed. The later New York aborigines knew little or nothing 
of these implements, and others employed the material only in 
an ornamental or reverential way. The earlier nations did not 
despise this use, and well wrought articles for personal adorn- 
ment are found in many parts of the United States and Canada- 
South of our national limits beautiful early articles of silver 
and gold o.ccur. Recent metallic ornaments are frequent in 
New York, but none have been reported of native copper except 
beads. 

Most of the early discoverers had something to say of copper 
ornaments, but these may not have been of native metal in all 
cases. When the Cabots landed at Newfoundland or Nova 
Scotia in June 1497, they observed that " the inhabitants had" 
plenty of copper," probably the native metal. When Verrazano 
visited the coast of New England in 1524, he saw many articles 
of wrought copper, highly esteemed for their color and beauty. 
The source of these may be doubtful. Cartier found no copper 
among the Iroquois of Montreal on his visit there in 1535, but 
heard of it. " They took the chayne of our capitaines whistle, 
which was of silver, and the dagger-haft of one our fellow mar- 
iners, hanging on his side being of yellow copper guilt, and 
showed us that such stuffe came from the said river. . . 
Our capitaine shewed them redde copper, which in their lan- 
guage they call Caquedaze, and looking towarde that countrey, 
with signes asked him if any came from thence, they shaking 
their heads answered no; but they shewed us that it came from 
Saguenay, and that lyeth cleane contrary to the other." — 
Daivson, p. 37 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS < 

There may have been misunderstandings on both sides, but 
the plain statement is that this people knew copper and had a 
name for it, though they had none themselves. When Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold was at Cape Cod in 1602 he saw a young 
Indian with plates of copper hanging from his ears. These may 
have come from European contact, but Gosnold did not suggest 
this. Farther south they were visited by natives, one of whom 
wore a copper plate, a foot long and half as broad, on his breast. 
Others had copper pendants in their ears. John Brereton added 
to this, accounts of their beads, chains, arrows and other things, 
and said that not one lacked something of the kind. Another 
described pipes partly of copper, much as Hudson did in New 
York a few years later. Belknap says of these statements: 

All these Indians had ornaments of copper. When the 
.adventurers asked them, by signs, whence they obtained this 
metal, one of them made answer by digging a hole in the ground 
and pointing to the main; from which circumstance it was 
understood that the adjacent country contained mines of copper. 
In the course of almost two centuries no copper has been dis- 
covered; though iron, a much more useful metal, wholly un- 
known to the natives, is found in great plenty. The question, 
whence did they obtain copper? is yet without an answer. — 
Belknap, p. 151 

To this it may be said that the arrows, tubes, belts and pipes 
of copper, as described by Brereton, are all represented on 
recent Iroquois sites, and may fairly be considered as European 
articles, furnished by some unknown early trader. 

When it is said that Henry Hudson saw " copper tobacco 
pipes " among the Indians of New York bay, he may have mis- 
taken those of bright red clay for this metal, or they may have 
come from the same unknown trader. They were not afterward 
mentioned by any one, and none of native metal have ever been 
found. The natives could not have cast them, and it would have 
been extremely difficult to make them by hammering. The 
copper ornaments seen in this voyage may have had the same 
source. The brass pipes which Roger Williams thought the Nar- 
ragansetts made may well be classed with these. They are 
never mentioned inland, and this affects the question of origin, 



s 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



but every article described above was in use by the Iroquois in 
the 17th century. The arrowheads of 1602 are said to be "much 
like our broad arrowheads, very workmanly done," and brass- 
arrowheads are spoken of by others. 

Native copper articles are rare along the New York seacoast 
and in our mounds, and perhaps are found more rarely still on 
camp sites. They seem to have been lost in travel. Apparently 
implements of native copper have not been made in the interior 
of New York within 400 or 500 years. This conjecture may be 
changed at any time, though well founded now. The Iroquois 
of Montreal knew of this metal in 1535, but had none. The 
Atlantic coast Indians were then more fortunate, either having 
European or home sources of supply, or communication with 
the Lake Superior mines, from which the Iroquois proper were 
cut off. Both these things are probably true. 

For the last we may remember that the larger part of the 
Huron-Iroquois family were somewhat isolated, the Algonquins 
surrounding them and for a long time keeping some of them 
under. No members of the Iroquois family lived west of Lake 
Huron, but their foes did. So they told Cartier that in the 
country of metals " there be Agojudas, that is as much to say, 
an evill people, who goe all armed even to their fingers' ends." 
These wore the aboriginal armor and were continually at war. 
The Iroquois were then unwarlike and commanded no access to 
the mines. 

The question of a home supply merits attention. Copper 
occurs in mines, but so it does in scattered fragments. There 
are even unprofitable copper ores in New York, but no ledges 
of this metal. Nodules of several pounds weight have been 
found in Connecticut and New Jersey, and some may have been 
used and prized by the aborigines near the coast. Farther 
north there is little doubt that all articles came from Lake 
Superior at an early day, and they have such marked pecu- 
liarities as to make it probable that they were commonly 
wrought into shape in that vicinity. Occasional rude pieces 
found in New York also show this was not always the case. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 



9 



Soon after Quebec was founded Champlain mentioned a piece 
of very handsome and pure copper given him by an Algonquin. 
It was a foot long. The great discoverer said,. "He gave me to 
understand that there were large quantities where he had taken 
this, which was on the banks of a river, near a great lake. He 
said that they gathered it in lumps, and having melted it, spread 
it in sheets, smoothing it with stones." — Chamiplain, 2:236 

Presumably this refers to Lake Superior, and the melting 
merely to softening the metal by heat. The statement lacks 
precision in these ways, but it would have been possible for an 
eastern Algonquin while in alliance or friendship with the 
Hurons to reach Lake Superior. 

A succeeding statement is more precise. Eadisson wintered in 
1658 on the shore of that great lake, and mentioned the native 
copper several times. He seems to refer to ornamental forms 
when he speaks of a "yellow waire that they make with copper, 
made like a starr or a half-moon." — Radisson, p. 188, 212. This 
would bring the making of native copper ornaments far within 
the historic period, but there is no notice of implements. In the 
same year occurred the visit which brought Lake Superior copper 
plainly to view. This was made by an Algonquin chief living on 
the Saguenay, who had passed 10 years in the country of the 
Xipisiriniens, and whose name was Awatanik. Thence he went 
to Lake Superior in 1658, spending the following winter there. 
Two Frenchmen returned from this lake in 1660 with 300 Algon- 
quins, but they said nothing about copper, though they had 
wintered there also. 

The first definite Jesuit report of Lake Superior ore is in the 
Relation of 1660. In that year a French missionary met the 
Algonquin mentioned, just returned from that region, where he 
had gone in 1658. He found there " copper so excellent that it 
is found fully refined, in pieces as large as the fist." The infer- 
ence is that the Indians east of Michigan had little knowledge 
of this before. The Relation of 1667 contains the journey of 
Father Claude Allouez to Lake Superior in 1665. He reached 
the lake September 2, and went on to say: 



10 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



The savages respect this lake as a divinity, and sacrifice to 
it . . . They often find at the bottom of the water, pieces of 
pure copper, weighing from 10 to 20 pounds. I have seen these 
many times in the hands of the savages, and as they are super- 
stitious, they regard them as so many divinities, or as presents 
that the gods who are at the bottom of the water have made 
them to be the cause of their good fortune; it is for this that they 
keep these pieces of copper wrapped up among their most 
precious movables; there are some who have preserved them 
more than 50 years; others have had them in their families from 
time immemorial, and cherish them as household gods. 

The truth seems to be that the interior aborigines had ceased 
to use native copper implements more than 300 years ago, some 
resuming their use at a much later day. Where native copper 
was known it had become almost sacred, not to be used in com- 
mon ways. Farther east it was little known, occurring on no 
village sites in New York, and rarely in camps. 

The missionary did not then see the great copper rock project- 
ing from the water, of which he had been told, but later travelers 
did. He recorded the fact that passers-by cut pieces from this. 
This is described in the Relation of 1670. " Advancing to the 
end of the lake, and returning a day's journey along the southern 
side, one sees at the water's edge a rock of copper which weighs 
at least seven or eight hundred pounds, so hard that steel will 
scarcely penetrate it. When however it is heated, it is cut like 
lead." 

There are many other mentions of plates and masses of copper 
seen, but these need not be quoted here. One other quotation 
will be made to show the sacred character that it had gained, 
after having had common uses. This is from the same Relation: 

At that time the savages told a story of a floating island which 
approached or receded with the wind. Four men reached this 
one day and prepared their dinner in their usual way. Heating 
the stones they found and casting them into the water to make 
it boil, they discovered that they were copper and that this lay 
plentifully around. After eating they loaded their canoe with 
pieces and plates of the metal and were soon homeward bound. 
They had not gone far when a great voice called to them, asking- 
why they carried off the cradles and the diversions of his children. 
" The plates of copper are the cradles, because among the savages 
they are made of only one or two boards joined together, on 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW VOKK INDIANS 



1 1 



which they lay down their children; and these little bits of copper 
which they were carrying away, are the playthings and diversions 
of savage children, who play together with little stones." One 
said it was the Thunder spoke; one the god Missibizi; another 
the water men. Two Indians died on the way home, the others 
soon after, and no one dared visit the floating island again. 

A friend of the writer, the late Dr P. R. Hoy, of Racine Wis. 
published two papers in 1886 on the important questions, How 
and by whom were the copper implements made? The first paper he 
read in 1876, the second in 1882. That they were not cast he 
showed, because the aborigines could not produce the heat re- 
quired, but copper could be softened by judicious applications' of 
heat and cold. He thought that implements were hammered or 
pressed into shape in stone molds, and made successful experi- 
ments. Lastly, he thought most native copper articles were 
made after the white men came, a conclusion not so easily proved. 
His arguments will not be reproduced here, but some of his facts 
will be mentioned. 

Copper articles were made near Lake Superior for export and 
trade elsewhere. In 1S82 there were found 26 copper imple- 
ments close together, under a small pile of stones at the Sault 
Ste Marie. In the lot were six awls from 3 to 6 inches long, 
five kuives of various sizes, and 16 axes, hammers and chisels. 
These must have been made for trade. For recent use he cites 
witnesses to the copper implements used by the modern Chippe- 
wa s and Winnebagoes. One Indian agent certified that when he 
first came among the latter, " many of them carried lances 
headed with copper, and it w r as quite common to see arrows 
headed with copper." These points may have been like those 
used by the Iroquois 250 years ago. Out of over a hundred 
mounds opened near Racine none contained copper. Among hun- 
dreds of native copper implements in the Perkins collection not 
one came from a mound. This led him to conclude that such 
articles were later than the mound builders. 

Great quantities of native copper-ornaments have been found 
in Ohio mounds. Mr Warren K. Moorehead took three or four 
thousand spool-shaped ornaments out of the Hopewell mounds 



12 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



alone. These are properly mound articles, thus far unknown in 
New York. He found there many articles of sheet copper, some- 
times stamped or ornamented, naturally suggesting recent 
material but clearly aboriginal. It is definitely known that 
native copper was beaten thin enough for turning the edges 
under and overlaying prepared forms. Out of one of these mounds 
Mr Moorehead took a copper ax 22 inches long and 6 inches wide. 
This weighed nearly 38 pounds, not quite seven times as heavy 
as the largest New York implements of this kind. — Moorehead,. 
p. 325 

Wisconsin naturally affords the greatest supply, being near the 
ancient mines. Mr F. S. Perkins sold 143 local copper imple- 
ments to the Wisconsin historical society, and in 1886 had 
another collection of over 600 exclusive of beads. The Hamilton 
collection is also notable, containing most New York forms, as 
well as small fishhooks' and unusual ornaments. The University 
of Pennsylvania has 560 articles gathered from a space of 5 acres 
in Wisconsin. The writer met with a curious Wisconsin collec- 
tion at Manitou Col. The articles were flat and symmetric, cut 
from rolled or beaten copper and showing none of the irregulari- 
ties of early implements. Some found at Brewerton N. Y. are 
suggestive of these. Native copper articles occur in Michigan 
and Minnesota. In the latter they are well distributed and 
include eastern forms but are not numerous. Canadian imple- 
ments are nearly related to those of New York, and the shores 
of Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence have afforded many. 
Others occur on both sides of Lake Champlain. 

New England is fairly represented and has some notable forms. 
Pennsylvania has a number of implements and ornaments. Dr 
C. C. Abbott knew of 128 copper articles in New Jersey in 1885, 
but they were not all fully wrought. They included 11 celts, five~ 
spears, eight arrowheads, 13 bracelets, 70 beads and 21 pieces of 
copper, At one time he had thought it "not improbable that 
all the copper articles found along the Atlantic coast were 
brought from western localities. A careful resurvey of many 
localities where ordinary Indian stone implements occur in 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YOKK INDIANS 13 

abundance, ami correspondence with collectors in various parts 
of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania now convince me that 
the use of copper, as implements and ornaments, was much more 
common than I supposed, and that among the Delaware Indians 
were many coppersmiths.'' He cites examples of articles which 
he thought were made of New Jersey copper, this not being rare. 
One mass in Somerset county weighed 100 pounds, and it also 
occurred in the eastern counties of Pennsylvania. Finished 
ornaments were found in graves with others unfinished, and in 
one grave was a copper nodule of 13 ounces. His final opinion 
is thus expressed: 

It would appear, then, from an examination of the copper 
objects found in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, that the weight 
of probability is strongly in favor of their home manufacture;, 
and the similarity of the forms to those taken from areas where 
mounds occur is another fact in favor of the rapidly growing im- 
pression that the builders of these earthworks and the Indians of 
the coast were essentially one people. — Abbott, p. 774-78 

Dr Abbott's statements are weighty, but there are other facts 
which may prevent their full acceptance. No argument will be 
held on these now, one important fact clearly appearing, that 
there were supplies of native copper accessible to the coast In- 
dians which were not available to those in the interior of New 
York. 

Mr David Boyle remarks that copper articles are comparatively 
rare in the province of Ontario and that the line of distribution 
seems to be through the Georgian bay and along the Ottawa 
river. Few have been reported in the Neutral country, lying 
near the north shore of Lake Erie. As a matter of fact the 
Toronto collection has many fine examples of early and recent 
forms. The latter are not so frequent as in New York, owing to 
the overthrow of the Huron, Neutral and Tobacco nations in the 
middle of the 17th century. The country was depopulated just 
as these were beginning to be most freely used. Those of native 
copper have a few forms not reported in New York. Some fine 
articles come from Wolfe island, opposite Cape Vincent. As 
this lies nearer the New York mainland than that of Canada, 



14 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



these might well be described and illustrated as New York speci- 
mens. Those found in the mound at Broekville are merely sepa- 
rated from the New York shore by the St Lawrence, and are like 
those found elsewhere in the state. 

The collection of Mr A. E. Douglass, of New York city, 
includes 78 copper objects, mainly from Ohio. He does not state 
how many are of native copper, but divides them into spears, 
celts, knives, hammers, vessels, beads in lots, bracelets, imple- 
ments, ornaments', tubes, pipes, arrows and grooved axes. Of 
these one arrow, one implement, two bracelets and six orna- 
ments are from New York. Nearly half are from Ohio. 

Prof. George H. Perkins has described and figured some of the 
native copper implements of Vermont and Dr Abbott has illus- 
trated a celt from Maine. Some copper articles have been found 
in Manitoba, but these do not essentially differ from those farther 
east. Excepting a small space in Ohio distinguished by quite 
remarkable articles, there is thus a very large district in which 
nearly all native copper relics are practically of the same types. 

It must be remembered that the occurrence of these in the 
territories of historic nations is no evidence that they were made 
by them. They are scattered all through the territory of the 
Iroquois family, but are not found on the village sites of that 
people, early or late. The presumption is that they were made 
by an earlier people still. They are found in the land of the 
Eenape, but we must connect them with known villages of that 
people before we can assert they were made by them. As far as 
evidence goes, in the eastern states they were usually lost by the 
wayside or in temporary camps, or else were buried with the 
dead. An observation by Dr D. S. Kellogg on those of Lake 
Champlain is worthy of attention. " Of copper spearheads, 
hatchets and gouges about two dozen have been found. These 
have been entirely surface or field finds. Not a single copper 
relic has as yet (1887) been obtained from a dwelling site." This 
is not invariable elsewhere, but is a general rule having im- 
portance. In New York, at least, all native copper articles may 
be safely called prehistoric. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS L5 

As copper was prized for ornamental purposes from the begin- 
ning it seems to have been a very acceptable gift from early 
voyagers. Any metallic ornament would not only be prized but 
preserved, and there is good reason to suppose that such things, 
given to the Iroquois of Hochelaga and other places by Carder 
or his men, were afterward brought to New York. This will 
appear in its proper place. 

When trade with the Dutch and French opened more fully in 
the early part of the 17th century, metallic implements and 
ornaments were in great request. One has only to look over 
old bills of supplies and purchases to see how great was their 
quantity and variety. For ornamental purposes bronze, brass 
and nearly pure copper long had sway. About the beginning 
of the 18th century silver began to take its place, and for 150 
years held its own as the fashionable material. Loskiel spoke 
of this. " The rich adorn their heads with a number of silver 
trinkets of considerable weight. This mode of finery is not so 
common among the Delawares as the Iroquois, who, by studying 
dress and ornament more than any other Indian nation, are 
allowed to dictate the fashion to the rest." — Loskiel, p. 52 

A great number of forms became common, and all were 
lavishly used. Some were very beautiful and were tastefully 
employed. At first they were made by the whites, but the 
Iroquois soon learned the art and had their own smiths in every 
village. Such ornaments w T ere abundant till the civil war, 
when the high price of silver brought many to the smelting pot. 
It is difficult to obtain even the smaller ornaments now. 

Prof. Cyrus Thomas has wisely called attention to the large 
supply of copper furnished to the coast Indians by early ex- 
plorers and colonists, and to the use made of it: He says: 

A careful examination of the copper articles found in the 
mounds should lead any one, not swayed by some preconceived 
notion, to the conclusion that many of them were made of 
copper brought over to America by Europeans, which would as 
a matter of course indicate (if they do not pertain to intrusive 
burials) that the mounds in which such specimens are found 
were erected subsequent to the discovery by Columbus. The 



16 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



copper articles found in the mounds and ancient graves belong, 
as may be readily seen by those who will inspect them, to two 
usually very distinct classes; those of the one class evidently 
hammered out with rude stone implements; those of the other 
class showing as plainly that they have been made from quite 
thin, smooth, and even sheets. — Thomas, p. 710 

He has no doubt that some important mounds were made in 
quite recent times, and cites many early authorities to show 
how great a supply of metals was afforded to the Indians by 
European explorers, traders and colonists. In Virginia they 
were lavish with copper, and Smith said that in a short time 
goods " could not be had for a pound of copper which before 
was sold us for an ounce." — Smith, 1: 166. Strachey said that 
Powhatan wished to monopolize the copper trade: 

Whereas the English are now content to receive in exchange 
a. few measures of corn for a great deal of that mettell (valuing 
yt according to the extreme price yt bears with them, not to 
the estymacion yt hath with us), Powhatan doth again vend 
some small quantity thereof to his neighbor nations for one 
hundred tyme the value, reserving, notwithstanding, for him- 
self a plentiful quantity to leavy men withal when he shall find 
cause to use them against us, for the before-remembered 
weroance of Paspageh did once wage fourteen or fifteen 
weroances to assist him in the attempt upon the fort of James- 
towne, for one copper plate promised to each weroance. — 
Strachey, p. 103 

It appears that Powhatan had articles or pieces of native 
copper, but they were not abundant nor as beautiful as those 
of the English, and so he coveted these. Capt. John Smith often 
referred to this trade in copper and iron, but his most important 
statement was in connection with his visit to the Tockwoghes 
in 1608. These lived far up Chesapeake bay, and were at war 
with the Massawomeks, a branch of the Iroquois family, and 
probably a part of the Eries. The Susquehannas were friends 
of the Tockwoghes, and of the latter he said: " We saw among 
these people many knives, hatchets, and pieces of brass, which 
they said they had from the Sasquesahanocks, a mighty people, 
and mortal enemies to the Massawomeks." He elsewhere de- 
scribes his visit with the Susquehannas, adding that, " many 
descriptions and discourses they made us of Atquanahucke, 



METALLIC EMPLEME5NTS OP NEW YORK INDIAN'S IT 
* 

Massawomekes, and other people, signifying they inhabit the 
river of Cannida, and from the French to have their hatchets 
and such like tools by trade." 

The Virginia Indians told him that this hostile people lived 
" on a great salt water, which by all likelihood is some part of 
-Commada, some great lake, or some inlet, or some sea that 
falleth into the South Sea." In his well known account of his 
battle on Lake Champlain in 1609, the great French explorer 
observed that the Mohawks had axes of iron, though that year 
included his own first visit to New York and the first Dutch 
voyage up the Hudson river. He said: " The Iroquois repaired 
on shore, and arranged all their canoes, the one beside the other, 
and began to hew down trees with villainous axes, which they 
sometimes got in war, and others of stone, and fortified them- 
selves very securely." We are thus not to limit the possible 
use of European metallic articles in New York to the year 1609. 
It is every way probable that a few implements or ornaments 
reached the interior many years before, and in some instances 
these may have been found. 

Attention has elsewhere been called to early wrecks along 
the Atlantic coast, whence some metal was obtained. More 
of these occurred than ever were reported. Fishermen from 
Europe haunted the mouth of the St Lawrence and the points 
and islands adjacent but did not publish their voyages. They 
were not exploring, but getting a living. In a similar way, at 
a later day, there were French and Dutch traders penetrating 
the wilds of New York, of whose names and adventures we are 
equally ignorant. For their own profit they said as little as 
possible. 

It is somewhat surprising to see how rapidly our knowledge 
of the early use of copper has grown. Squier and Davis brought 
to light many copper ornaments and articles in their mound 
explorations, the report of which was published in 1848. The 
report of Foster and Whitney on the Lake Superior district, 
published in 1850, showed something of the early work done 
there. Schoolcraft was at his best in that region. Laphain 



18 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



added much in writing on the antiquities of Wisconsin in 1855. 
Col. Whittlesey published his account of ancient mining on 
Lake Superior in 1863, yet Dr Charles Kau said, in his paper 
entitled Ancient aboriginal trade in North America: " The Smith- 
sonian institution has been receiving for years Indian antiqui- 
ties from all parts of North America, yet possessed in 1870 
only seven copper objects: namely, three spearheads, two small 
rods, a semilunar knife with convex cutting edge, and an ax 
of good shape." — Ran. Aborig. p. 94. There are more there now, 
and yet but few compared with some private collections. 

The Lake Superior copper sometimes contains small masses 
of native silver. Where this is present the source of the supply 
may be known but its absence is no test. Most articles show 
raised spots and lines, retaining a hammered appearance. The 
softer metal between is corroded. The stone hammers and rude 
wooden tools of the early miners are yet found where they 
worked centuries ago. Col. Whittlesey thought 500 years had 
passed since that time; Mr Lapham allowed a much more recent 
period. It will be seen that the Jesuit Relations speak of work 
done there in the latter half of the 17th century. While it is 
probable that many implements were made in adjacent dis- 
tricts, it is perfectly clear that masses of metal were carried 
away to be cut up and wrought elsewhere. Such blocks have 
been found and the Jesuits mention those that they had seen 
or owned. 

In common with others the writer at first could hardly resist 
the belief that the early copper articles brought to him were 
cast in a rude matrix of sand. Much of the surface appears 
like a rough casting, and the longitudinal raised lines could be 
attributed to cracks in the mold. Dr Hoy thought the metal was 
subjected to a great pressure in a matrix of stone. The prev- 
alent opinion now is that all our implements of this kind were 
hammered into shape. One surface is usually flat but the re- 
verse quite commonly has a central and longitudinal ridge. 
On this surface the workman hammered along one side and 
then changed ends to hammer the other, the slightly oblique 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NE'W YORK INDIANS 



1 9 



blows producing a central ridge. Dr Thomas Wilson, of the 
Smithsonian institution, (old the writer of his experiments in 
such forging, and gave a high rank to the aboriginal workman. 
Be found peculiar difficulties in bending over the lower edges 
to form the socket. This feature appears in some European 
bronzes locally termed winged colls. Some New York articles 
show greater skill than any copper rolls in Washington. 

The Indians, however, soon learned to cast metals, if reports 
are (rue. Roger Williams said of I hose in Now England: 
" They have an excellenl AH to cas1 our Pewter and Brasse into 
very neate and artificial! Pipes." Such pipes wore found in Now 
York, but melting brass has difficulties, and such a native art 
may be doubted. Metal was sometimes used for lining pipes, 
both of born and stone, and there are other examples where 
stone and metals were otherwise combined. All these are 
recent. 

The distribution of early copper articles in New York is some- 
what uniform on the whole, excluding the lower Hudson and 
Long Island. Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties have some 
reputation in this way but the rather indefinite reports seem 
exaggerated. A good antiquarian says that in 50 years resi- 
dence he has seen but one native copper arrowhead there." 
Onondaga county and the drainage of the Genesee river have 
afforded many. Fine examples have come from Jefferson county 
and the islands of the St Lawrence. Lake Champlain and the 
upper waters of the Hudson are well represented by these early 
relics. Some have been found on the Susquehanna. 

It seems certain that the Iroquois had no metallic articles 
which they did not have from the whites. These they gladly 
adopted and the advent of the Dutch became a new era in their 
life. All Europeans were termed by them Aseronni, Makers of 
axes, but this was specifically the name of the Dutch. This 
was the definition of Father Bruyas, an excellent authority. 
Megapolensis interpreted it differently: " They call us Assyreoni, 
that is Cloth-Makers, or Charistocmi, that is Iron- Workers, be- 
cause our People first brought Cloth and Iron among them.*' — 



20 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Hazard, p. 517. It seems better to make the word mean Knife- 
makers than to refer it to axes. Axe is atoko. In the old 
Mohawk assire was cloth, and assere knives, so that either defini- 
tion would stand as given by Megapolensis. 

Loskiel said, " Many of the Delawares and Iroquois have 
learned to make very good rifle-barrels of common fowling- 
pieces, and keep them likewise in good repair." They also 
learned to make silver ornaments from coin, and even to insert 
colored glass when desired. 

Native copper articles 

It will be seen that articles of native copper stand distinctly 
apart from all others, and should be considered by themselves. 
With slight exceptions those of New York have a useful char- 
acter, and were probably all made before the close of the 15th 
century. Some found on early Huron sites in Canada may have 
had a more recent date and some may well have been known to 
the later Hurons, reaching them through western trade. The 
form suggesting our case knife has been thought to show a 
knowledge of European art, but specimens of this are rare both 
in Canada and New York. The copper hooks of Wisconsin 
imply the same, but no early examples of these have appeared 
here. 

One fact must be borne in mind in speaking of the scarcity of 
any early metallic articles. In early pioneer days in New York 
recent Iroquois village sites were prized sources of supply for 
iron and brass. Reference to this will be made later. Native 
copper articles have proved useful or salable, and many a one 
has gone into the crucible. Some of the finest figured by the 
writer have been barely rescued from such a fate, and others 
lay for years in the farmer's tool chest, serving some rude end. 
The present scarcity is therefore no absolute test of former num- 
bers, though they were probably small. This is partly inferred 
from the opening of new sites, where other articles abound. 
Those found seem to have belonged to transient visitors and 
not to a settled people. 



METALLIC [IMPLEMENTS OP NEW STORK [NDIANS 



21 



A large proportion of these remarkable articles have the cell 
or chisel form, usually narrower ;i( one end than I lie other, but 
sometimes with the edges parallel. The hues! broughl to the 
writer's attention was once owned by the late J. S. Twining, 
who sold it to some one outside 1he slate. Fig. 61 is reduced 
one half in length from the outline furnished by Mr Twining, 
the full length being 14| inches and the breadth If inches. The 
greatest thickness of the lateral edge is f of an inch, the total 
thickness being about double this. It weighs pounds. One 
surface is flat, and the other ridged as usual. The ends are thin- 
ner than the center but one is beveled to a sharp cutting edge. 
It was plowed up by Mr Farnham at Oxford N. Y. in 1856, and 
Mr Twining bought it of his heirs. It is to be regretted that 
this unusually fine article did not remain here. 

Fig. 7 is a reduced drawing of another copper celt, almost the 
counterpart of the preceding except in size. Its weight is 2 
pounds, 14 ounces, or a little more than half that of the last, 
but it is but about a fifth shorter. This implement is slightly 
beveled in thickness toward each end, one of these having a dull 
chisel edge. It is 11 J inches long, 1-^r broad and || thick, 
being a little wider at the cutting edge where it suddenly and 
slightly expands. One surface is nearly flat but a little de- 
pressed along the center ; the other ridged as usual but slightly 
hollowed on each side of the central line of the ridge. This is 
a common feature. There are the usual flattened rough lines, 
showing traces of the hammer. The first owner cut the upper 
corner to test the material, a very frequent practice. This fine 
celt was found in May 1880 by Mr J. F. Shultz on lot 22, town of 
Clay N. Y. and was at first sold for old copper, but soon came 
into the Bigelow collection, where it may now be seen. 

Fig. 3 is of the same general form and is much reduced. It 
is ridged on one side but is narrower at one end than at the 
other. This is in the Smithsonian institution where it is cred- 
ited to Keeseville N. Y. Dr D. S. Kellogg locates it more exactly 
at Auger pond, Keeseville, where it was found many years ago 
by a Mr Hackstaff. It is 9J inches long and has a medial width 
of 1£ inches, being somewhat smaller than the last. 



22 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Fig. 5 is also reduced, and the lateral edges gradually con- 
tract. It is 7J inches long with a medial width of If inches. 
The cutting edge extends to a central point and the bevel to the 
ridge commences almost at the flat surface, which is the one 
shown. The first owner unfortunately filed down most of the 
rough ridges on one side of the back. Jt was found on tho 
farm of B. 0. Case, north of Lake Neatawantha and toward 
Oswego river, near Oswego Falls. It is now in the Bigelow col- 
lection. The bevel at the point is more abrupt than usual. 

Fig. 9 is another fine celt in the same collection, which em- 
braces a large proportion of the native copper articles illus- 
trated here. It w r as found by Mr Charles Woods on his farm, 
about 3 miles due east of Baldwinsville N. Y. lot 82, Lysander. 
This was in April 1878. The hard ridges are black, appearing 
mostly on the flat side, where a narrow central one extends from 
end to end. The under surface is ridged as usual and it is some- 
what pointed at both ends, the cutting edge being almost rect- 
angular in the center. The extreme length is nearly 7 inches, 
the greatest width 1^ inches and the thickness \ inch. Below 
the center the sides are nearly parallel as far as the cutting 
edge and most of the small ridges are toward that end. 

Fig. 10 was in the collection of Mr Albert Hopkins of Phoenix, 
but its present abode is unknown. It was found in Oswego 
county in 1878 and has undergone some filing, without seriously 
affecting its character. On the flat surface represented the 
hard, longitudinal ridges are unchanged. The expanded and 
rounded edge on this side is slightly hollowed like a shallow 
gouge. The back is rounded, not distinctly ridged. The ex- 
treme length is 5| inches, medial width 1 inch, width of edge 
inches and thickness § inch. 

Fig. 58 is a parallel edged copper celt in the collection of Mr 
John Martin, Plattsburg N. Y. It was found on the Jones farm 
2 miles north of that place. The surface is beveled toward each 
end, moderately sharpened at one, and is weathered and green. 
It weighs 1\ ounces. The owner says: "One end was pounded 
by a hammer, which shows that one end was lapped.' 7 



METALLIC l .M I'l.KM IONTS OF MOW VOllK INDIANS 



Fig. .*>J) lias also pa ra I If 1 edges and is quite broad for its 
length. 1( is in A. II. Waterbury's collection, and was found 
between Bridgeporl and Oneida lake The Length is 4| indies 
and the average width inches. The edge is rounded and 
Slighl ly expanded. 

Fig. 40 is si ill wider in proportion and suggests an ax. It 
belongs lo Mr Albert Rose of Manchester Center, Ontario co. 
N. Y. and was found on the Rose farm, a little over a mile north 
el' the old ford a I Canandaigua outlet. Mr Irving W. Coats 
made I lie drawing in 1892. lie says it is of native copper and 
is .*> inches long. The extreme breadth is 1| inches, being 
a little less at the head where there is a rounded depression. 
The cutting edge is curved, as usual. 

Fig. 23 has the modern ax form and came from Livingston 
county, N. Y. It is of native copper but lias unfortunately been 
ground down. This is in the Smithsonian collection and is of 
actual size. 

Fig. (>0 is taken from Squier's Antiquities of the state of New- 
York (p. L22) and is here of actual size. He said: 

One of the most interesting relics which lias yet been dis- 
covered in the state, is an ax of cast capper, of which fig. 25 
is a reduced engraving. The original is 4 inches long by 2^ 
broad on the edge, and corresponds in shape with some of 
those of wrought native copper, which have been found in the 
mounds of Ohio. From the granulations of the surface it ap- 
pears to have been casl in sand. There is no evidence of its 
having been used for any purpose. Its history, beyond that 
it was plowed up somewhere in the vicinity of Auburn, Cayuga 
county, is unknown. No opportunity has yet been afforded of 
analyzing any portion, so as to determine whether it has an 
intermixture of other metals. It appears to be pure copper. 
An inspection serves to satisfy the inquirer that it is of abo- 
riginal origin; but the questions w hen and by whom made, are 
beyond our ability to answer. There is no evidence that the 
mound builders understood the smelting of metals; on the con- 
trary, there is every reason to believe that they obtained their 
entire supply in a native stale, and worked it cold. The Porta 
guese chronicler of Soto's expedition into Florida, mentions 
copper hatchets, and rather vaguely refers to a " smelting of 
copper," in a country which he did not visit, far to the north 
ward, called " Chisca." The Mexicans and Peruvians made 



24 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



hatchets of copper alloyed with tin. It would seera that this 
hatchet was obtained from that direction, or made by some 
Indian artisan after intercourse with the whites had instructed 
him in the art of working metals. At present it is prudent to 
say that the discovery of this relic is an anomalous fact, which 
investigators should only bear in mind, without venturing to 
make it the basis of deductions or inferences of any kind. 

Mr Squier was one of the most accurate and judicious of 
writers and these words may have held in check the extrava- 
gant surmises and theories in which some of his contemporaries 
indulged. At the same time some of our best authorities have 
determined that many articles which appear to have been cast 
were really brought into shape by hammering. The first im- 
pressions are of a rude casting. 

Dr Charles Rau at first allowed the casting of this article. — 
Ran, p. 92. In collecting his papers in 1882 he made a pref- 
atory note as follows : 

Reference is made to a cast copper ax plowed up near Auburn, 
Cayuga co. N. Y. and first described and figured by Mr Squier 
on p. 78 of his Aboriginal monuments of the state of New York 
(Wash. 1849). Several years ago, while in conversation with 
Mr Squier at his residence in New York I happened to see the 
same ax lying on the mantelpiece. In handling the object I 
noticed that a small portion had been removed from it — for 
close examination by an expert, as Mr Squier informed me. 
This examination resulted in the discovery that the ax was 
not cast but hammered into shape from native copper. The 
former inhabitants of North America, I still believe — notwith- 
standing all assertions to the contrary — were unacquainted with 
the art of melting copper. — Ran, pref. p. vii 

As to modes of working copper and the differences between 
the native metal and that brought by Europeans, reference may 
be made to a valuable paper by Mr Clarence B. Moore. He 
gives analyses of several articles from recent New York sites, 
but was unable to obtain those of native copper. From other 
sources some were procured. In that paper he quotes a per- 
sonal letter from Prof. F. W. Putnam which is of general 
interest and is therefore reproduced here: 

Just after I wrote my little paper on copper in the museum 
as the beginning of a series of papers on the use of metals, 



METALLIC IMI'LIOMIONTS Oh' N 10 W YORK INDIANS 



25 



copper began to conic in from our Ohio explorations in a won- 
derful manner, until we now have copper in such abundance 
thai a paper on l he subjeel would be a volume. We have it 
hammered ami cut into all manner of shapes — implements and 
ornaments and willi il have come several lots of ornaments 
made of meteoric iron — implements and ornaments — and also 
considerable silver (ornaments) and a little of gold. All these 
metals are hammered and cut, and we have the copper in all 
stages from the rough nuggets, through those partly ham- 
mered, to the sheets and the objects cut from them. To con- 
sider this the work of Europeans is an absurd perversion of 
the facts before us; and yet just because the facts do not agree 
with the theories of some who would have all facts drop into 
their theories, or else throw them out of consideration, these 
objects are spoken of as unquestionably of European origin, 
traded to our old mound buildiug people of the Ohio valley by 
whites since the settlement of the country. — Moore, p. 220 

Prof. Putnam's conclusion is that native copper articles of 
any kind are to be considered prehistoric if unaccompanied by 
European relics. Dr Cyrus Thomas has as plainly shown that 
European metallic articles have been found deep in some large 
mounds. His remarks have been quoted. 

A large proportion of native copper celts gradually expand 
toward the cutting edge. Fig. 38 is a good example in the 
Bigelow collection, which was found on lot 99, Lysander, in 
1881, not far from Seneca river. The ridged side has more pro- 
tuberances than usual, and on the flat side a single medial line 
extends the whole length, with a few small ones near the mar- 
gin. The thin top is bent over by hammering, showing how it 
was used. This figure is of actual size, as are all those where 
no dimensions are given. 

Fig. 30 is in the same collection, and has an expanded cutting 
edge. It was found on the Ouderkirk farm, lot 7G, Lysander, 
near Seneca river, and is quite thick and not very sharp, the 
edge having been dulled by use. One side is ridged as usual. 

Fig. 12 is a very fine celt of this kind, the flat side of which 
is shown. A hollow above the cutting edge suggests a gouge. 
This edge is more rounded than usual and the other end comes 
to a point. The full length is a little over 5J inches, and the 



26 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



implement is quite sharp. It was found on the Voorhees farm, 
lot 99, Lysander, in 1881. A lateral view is added. 

Fig. 19 is a fine copper celt from Point Alexander, Wolfe 
island, north of Cape Vincent N. Y. It is much more tapering 
than most of those described and is 7 inches long. Though just 
north of our border it was found by one of our citizens and is 
in the Richmond collection. All along the St Law T rence the 
occurrence of copper implements on either shore may be con- 
sidered an accident of travel. They occur on Wolfe island, 
Tidd's island near Gananoque, at Brockville, and on islands 
farther down the stream. 

Fig. 62 was found on the south side of the Oneida river at 
Brewerton, and is in the Bigelovv collection. It is 5f inches 
long, and is nearly flat on both sides. There are many linear 
ridges and it is somewhat sharp at both ends. The broad end 
had the corner cut by the finder. 

Fig. 28 is from Dr Ban's half length of a New York copper- 
celt, fig. 227 of the Archaeological collection of the United Stales 
national museum. He said of this: 

The most beautiful article of a wedgelike character is a 
kind of chisel with an expanding, strongly curved edge, which 
shows a slight concavity, imparting to the implement almost 
the character of a gouge. The upper surface is nearly even, 
but the back part presents, as it were, two faces, which join 
in the middle, forming a longitudinal ridge. 

Fig. 4 is from an outline sent to the writer by Dr I). S. Kellogg 
of Plattsburg N. Y. and shows a rude copper knife or hatchet, 
having the usual raised lines oh both sides. It is reduced in 
the figure, measuring 3 inches between the extreme points. 

Fig. 73 shows a large copper gouge with parallel edges. Per- 
haps from some flaw in the metal it was partially broken at 
the upper end and an attempt has been made to cut it off. It 
was found near Constantia, on the north shore of Oneida lake, 
about 1850, by Mr James Haynes. It went into the Terry col- 
lection. No implement has been found like it here and it is 
quite deep and thick. 

Fig. 1 seems the finest specimen of its class yet found, weigh- 
ing 3 pounds, 2 ounces, and bektg a little over 10J inches long. 



METALLIC IMKLKMKNTS OK NKW YORK INDIAN'S 



27 



The extreme width is 2 inches and il is inches wide at the 
narrow end. The extreme depth is U inches. II is ridged 
on the lower side and high and sloping flanges form a 
socket ai the broad end. These occupy more than a third 
of each lateral edge and a broad depression extends between 
them for :\} 2 inches, against the angle of which the handle 
abutted. This feature often appears in spearheads made for 
similar hafts. II was found by Chester Wells in 1885, a mile 
south of (iianhv Center and was long used as a wagon wrench. 
A small piece was broken ou1 of one of the flanges by him. 
The point is also now dull, but (his mighl have been so cen- 
turies ago. It is now in the Bigelow collection. There is a 
smaller one like I his in the national museum, which Dr 0. 0. 
Abbot I called "a nameless object." it is 7| inches long and 
has an extreme breadth of U inches. The flanges occupy full 
halt of the length and the socket measures 3^ inches to the 
abutting angle. This came from Somerville N.J. A copper 
gouge, found in the Brockville mound, Canada, has similar fea- 
tures. In the Toronto collection there is a large adz of the 
same type but on the whole it is a rare form. 

Fig. 21 is a very small article of native copper like a celt, and 
neatly formed. It is quite flat and was found on the island at 
Brewerton. 

Fig. 22 came from the same place. It is a small cylindric 
piece of native copper which appears to have been worked, but 
not into any definite form. 

Fig. 75 is a long and somewhat triangular article of native 
copper, which is Hat and of uniform thickness throughout. It 
may be unfinished but Would serve as a rude spear without 
sharpening. r I nis was found at Union Springs and weighs 1J 
ounces. It is 5J inches, long and the expanded base is nearly 
an inch wide. This may have been the beginning of a flanged 
socket. 

Fig. 20 is a tube of native copper which may have been orna- 
mental or useful, either as bead or sinker. A section of this is 
shown. It is rough, and made of a copper plate bent into a 



28 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



cylinder and hammered together. One end is thin. It was 

found on the Oneida river about 20 years ago but its present 

owner is not known. The length is 2J inches. 

Fig. 17 is a sharp and slender awl from Mr S. L. Frey's article 

in the American naturalist of October 1879, entitled " Were they 

mound-builders?" He said: 

It might have been used for piercing holes in buckskin gar- 
ments but as implements for this purpose were usually made 
of bone, with the point rounded and sharpened in a similar 
manner, and as these were obtained with comparative ease and 
were equally serviceable for sewing purposes, I think that pos- 
sibly this copper implement had a different, or at any rate an 
additional use. According to many early writers the natives 
at the time of the discovery were found in possession of orna- 
ments, necklaces, etc. of pearls, the perforating of which was 
done with a heated copper spindle. The square shape of this 
implement indicates that it has been set in a handle, and the 
point being very smooth, shows use of some kind. That it was 
intended for a drill of this description seems not improbable 
when viewed in connection with certain shell relics subsequently 
found, and which are described in this article. 

The great neatness of this implement led to further inquiry 
and Mr Frey wrote: " The copper awl you figure from my draw- 
ing is exact. It is just as smooth and well finished as repre- 
sented. It is the only prehistoric copper I ever found; in fact 
the only one, as far as I know, ever found in this section." This 
illustrates the curious elimination of early travel and habitation 
in the Mohawk valley. East, north and west of that valley, 
native copper articles have been often found. 

The burial place was of a mixed character, for at the time he 
found this Mr Frey had not discovered the curious graves and 
relics which rewarded his labors at a later day. In his earlier 
digging he had found "at one time, in a grave, 30 arrowheads and 
a small copper awl." In one of those opened afterward he 
found copper beads, to be mentioned later. This judicious 
observer noted the widely different character of the graves, 
concluding that they could not be those of the same people. It 
is also to be remembered that there was no large village site 
close at hand, and that part of the cemetery had been removed 
before examination. The writer has since examined this awl. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF N10W YORK INDIANS 29 

Regarding Mr Prey's general question a few words should 
be said. Bui one other awl of this character lias been reported 
from (his state and I his is much larger. II was a surface find. 
In other states they have been found in mounds. Prof. Cyrus 
Thomas reported several of these with illustrations and they 
closely resemble those of New York. In the Sue Coulee group, 
Crawford county, W is. were copper articles with one of the skele- 
tons. "Near the hand of the same skeleton were two long, 
slender, square copper drills or spindles, one about 9 inches 
long and j inch thick, pointed at one end and chisel-shaped at 
the other; the other 7 inches long and pointed at both ends." — 
Thomas, p. 76. In another mound of the same group was a small 
one of similar character and a large copper ax, with copper 
beads and an obsidian implement. In one of the Rice lake 
mounds, Wisconsin, was a similar drill or spindle 7J inches long 
and pointed at both ends. In a mound on the Holston river, 
Sullivan co. Tenn. a copper spindle lay on the head of a skeleton. 
" It is 11 inches long, \ inch in diameter at the thickest part and 
appears to have been roughly hammered out of native copper 
with some rude implement. Immediately under the lower jaw 
were two small copper drills or awls with portions of the deer- 
horn handles still attached." — Thomas, p. 351. These quota- 
tions will show the proper place of the New York copper awls. 

Native copper spears of two types have a wide range. In 
some the base is drawn out into a sharp or obtuse point for 
insertion in the shaft. These are usually notched on the lower 
edges for attachment by cords. In others the lower edges are 
raised and bent over, forming an angular socket, neatly made. 
This is often deepened for a short distance so that the shaft 
abuts against a shoulder. The flanges usually turn inward, 
giving a firmer hold. Unless very thin the blade is flat on one 
side and ridged on the other, and the usual hammered protuber- 
ances appear. New York specimens may have one or two 
notches on each side but some have none. In other states they 
occur with several deep and narrow notches on either side. Prof. 
G. H. Perkins has figured a fine example of this kind from Ver- 



30 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



mont, and Mr Francis Jordan jr of Philadelphia found one 
remarkable example in 1890 on the eastern shore of Maryland, 
which is about 12 inches long, ridged and angular, and with six 
notches on each side of the base. This form has not been re- 
ported here. He found a large lioe blade of copper at the same 
time. The former is figured in the Proceedings of the Numismatic 
and antiquarian society of Philadelphia for 1890-91, p. 128. 

Fig. 74 is a curious undulating spearhead obtained by Mr 
Twining in Ellisburg N. Y. There are double notches on each 
side of the base and the undulating edges are suggestive of 
some Scandinavian weapons. It is quite slender for its length, 
being 7^ inches long with a maximum width of f inch near the 
base, which terminates in a sharp point. Those found near the 
Seneca river often end in this way. 

Fig. 35 is a very fine example from the latter region, now in 
the Bigelow collection. It is one of those drawn by the writer 
for Dr Abbott's Primitive industry, and was found on the Crego 
farm, just west of Baldwinsville and south of the river, near 
but not on an early fort site. The writer afterward found a 
small native copper bead there. The flat side is slightly con- 
cave, giving the implement a decidedly curved appearance. The 
present length is 1\ inches, but the basal point has been slightly 
broken. The extreme width is a little over LJ inches. There 
is a basal notch on each edge for attachment. Each side of 
the longitudinal ridge is moderately hollowed, and the usual 
raised lines appear, the whole implement suggesting a rough 
casting, an appearance now known to be deceptive. 

Fig. 31 is also in the Bigelow cabinet and was found on the 
Judge Voorhees farm, lot. 74, Lysander, in 1875. It has a 
pointed base, but no notches, and is but slightly ridged. The 
blade is much thinner than the general base, a common feature 
with this form. A smaller similar one was found near Beaver 
lake, about 2 miles northeast of the last locality. This has 
disappeared. 

Fig. 27 is in the same collection and much like the last. It 
was found in uprooting a large tree in the town of Hannibal 
in 1878-79. 



METALLIC tMPLBMBNTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 



31 



Fig. i!''> is ;i rough native copper spear with an obtuse |><>inl, 
possibly broken or unfinished. It is in the Smithsonian collec 
lion and came from .Malta N. Y.. west of Saratoga lake. 

Pig. 25 is in the same collection, and came from Livingston 
county, X. Y. The base is not pointed and the implement sug 
gests l»ot h i he knife and spear. It is slight ly rounded, and there 
arc no basal notches. 

Pig. 32 is in the Bigelow collection, and was found on R.Adsit's 
farm, lot 76, Lysander, north side of the river road and 
toward Beaver lake. Several copper implements have been 
found near there. This is a small form, flat on on side and 
rounded on the other. There is a notch on each side toward the 
pointed base. It is hardly 3J inches long but is neatly finished. 

Pig. 50 is a thin copper spearhead found half a mile east of 
Onondaga creek, and nearly a mile south of East Onondaga 
village, beside an old Indian trail. It is ridged on one side and 
has a deep notch on each edge near the base. The base is 
obtusely pointed. It is but 3J inches long, and the edges are 
nearly parallel and quite sharp. It was found in 1894 by Mr 
George Slocum, its present owner, and is slightly twisted as a 
whole. 

Fig. 49 has the outline of a pointed ellipse, rather obtuse at 
the base. One edge has one notch and the other two for attach- 
ment. It would have answered well for a knife and is as long 
as the last. It was found in the town of Venice, Cayuga co. in 
1886. 

Fig. 44 is another of these small spears, much thicker than 
the hist two. It lias ;i pointed base and opposite notches which 
are nearly midway in the edges. This was found on the north 
shore of Oneida lake Jane 12, 1886, on a point east of Big bay. 
The writer visited the spot afterward and found arrowheads 
and drills. The finder was Mr White of Geddes, then superin 
tendent of schools, who soon disposed of it. It is not so dis- 
tinctly ridged as some, but has the usual protuberances. The 
length is 3 inches. 

Fig. 42 is from a drawing of a. small spearhead in the state 
museum made by Mr R. A. Grider. It was obtained from the 



32 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



collection of A. W. Allen, made on the east side of Cayuga lake. 
It is ridged, has a single notch in one edge and two in the other, 
one of the latter being midway. As drawn it is 2J inches long. 

Fig. 55 is another of these short and broad forms. Below the 
notch on each side the edge projects into a kind of barb. The 
base is pointed and one surface ridged as usual. It is quite 
broad for its size, the length being 2J inches and the width 1 
inch. It is in Dr D. S. Kellogg's collection and was found in the 
town of Peru, Clinton co. N. Y. Many articles of native copper 
have been found along the west line of Lake Champlain. 

Fig. 41 is a longer spearhead with single notches on each 
edge, and a pointed base. It is slightly ridged on both surfaces, 
and is well finished. The length is slightly over 4J inches. This 
is in the Bigelow collection and was found near the Seneca river 
in Onondaga county. 

There are many of the same general character which have an 
obtuse base. Fig. 11 differs from most of these, the base sug- 
gesting some yet to be described. The outline of this broken 
implement is much like that of some triangular notched flint 
arrows, and the surface is flat but has the usual lines on one 
side. It belongs to the writer and was found near Jack Reef, 
Seneca river. 

Fig. 36 is a shouldered spearhead, without notches and with 
an obtuse base, which is in the Kellogg collection and came from 
Chazy. The base is a broad shank, slightly expanding near 
the end. 

Fig. 14 may be either knife or spear, and is in the same collec- 
tion. It was found at Plattsburg and, like the last, has no 
notches. 

Fig. 65 is also in the Kellogg collection, and is quite large for 
this form, being 6^ inches long. The other general features are 
much like those just described. This is from Plattsburg. 

Fig. 68 is another slender implement in the same collection 
which was found on Valcour island in Lake Champlain. There 
are no notches and but slight shoulders. It is quite slender for 
the length, which is 5 -ft- inches. 



MKTALUC 1M I'LM.MKN'I'S <>F NKW VORK [NDIANS 



33 



Fig. 57 is in the same cabinet and was found at Schuyler 
Palls. It has a long broad shank, is distinctly shouldered, and 
quite irregular in outline. 

Fig. 59 was found at Plattsburg and is in the Kellogg collec- 
tion. It is distinctly ridged and has a notch on each edge near 
the base. The latter is obtusely pointed. 

Fig. 16 closely resembles the last but is much larger. It was 
drawn by Mr Grider from a fine spearhead belonging to Mr W. B. 
Murphy of Schoharie county. 

Fig. 34 is a fine spearhead found on the Randall farm near 
Saratoga lake and now in the state museum. The base is 
slender and pointed and the whole implement is narrow^ for its 
length, which is Tf inches. 

Fig. 52 is in the collection of John Martin, Plattsburg, who 
says: "It was found when the new road was constructed past 
the United States army post at Plattsburg some 15 years ago. 
The place was on the right bank of the Saranac river some ^ mile 
from the mouth/' It is slightly ridged but is thin for its length, 
which is 6- x % inches. The shank is obtuse and it is moderately 
shouldered. Corrosion has turned it green. Mr Martin fur- 
nished fine photographs of his copper articles. 

Three flat spearheads in the Waterbury collection and found 
together on the north side of the river at Brewerton, are of 
unusual character, and may be comparatively recent. No 
analysis of the metal has been made. They are quite flat, and 
are deeply notched at their broad bases, even more than one 
already mentioned. Fig. 71 shows one of these. There are a 
few striae, and the edges are sharp and beveled. The general 
appearance suggests a recent origin, with some peculiar fea- 
tures, but no age has been claimed for or assigned to them. 
Fig. 43 and 45 are the other two. 

Fig. 20 is thus far unique in New York, though found spar- 
ingly elsewhere. It is a thick gouge, 2f inches long by 2 Abroad, 
having the sides turned into contracting flanges. The back is 
curved and the cutting edge abruptly beveled. It was found 
on the left side of the road from Port Byron to Howland island 



34 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



near the Seneca river bridge. Some call this form a spud and 
it has been previously reported only from Wisconsin and Minne- 
sota. It now belongs to Mr Harris of Rome N. Y. 

Fig. 24 has an outline much like that of our modern knives. 
It is rare in New York but seems more common in Canada and 
elsewhere. It was found in Cayuga county and has a few of 
the usual raised lines. This is a good example of this form. 

Fig. 78 is a much larger one in Mr W. L. Hiklburgh's collec- 
tion, found in Livingston county. His note is that " a meadow 
lark's wing was found bound on this." What evidence there is 
of this is not stated. Such knives have been found originally 
wrapped in fur, retaining traces and sometimes portions of this, 
for the salts of copper often preserved perishable articles. 

There are many New York examples of native copper articles 
having a socket for the handle, made by turning up the edge. 
A fine example is in the Smithsonian collection, which was found 
in Tompkins county, N. Y. Fig. 2 shows this much reduced, the 
actual length being 9 inches. The socket is less artistically 
wrought than some and the back of the blade is rounded. It 
is quite thin for its size. 

Fig. 13 is a very fine spearhead of this type, found near Seneca 
river, lot 75, Lysander, in 1893. It is in the Bigelow collection 
and is 6^ inches long. The back is ridged and the socket moder- 
ately expanded toward the base. The flanges are neatly 
turned inward and there is the frequent angle between the 
socket and blade against which the shaft abutted. The inside 
surface of the socket is perfectly smooth, as though the shaft 
had decayed within it. A lateral view of this is given and no 
better example has been found here. 

Fig. 33 is another found on Wolfe island, opposite Cape Vin- 
cent N. Y., now in the collection of Dr A. A. Getman of Chau- 
mont N. Y. The finder bored a hole in the base for suspension, 
but the writer omitted this misleading feature. The socket 
expands toward the base as usual and occupies nearly half the 
length of the implement. It is also depressed but has not so 
abrupt a shoulder as the last. 



METALLIC [IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 35 

Fig. 37 is'a very thin copper knife or spear of this type, found 
near Cold Spring on the Hudson and belonging to Mr James 
Nelson of that place. It is 2| inches long and 5 inch wide with 
a perforation near the base. Not being symmetric it may have 
been a knife. If of native copper the hole would be an anomaly, 
but the figure suggests a recent article and Mr Nelson's note 
called it sheet metal. 

Fig. 56 is of the same class, the flanges contracting more than 
usual in the outline sent by the owner, Mr W. T. Fenton of 
Conewango Valley N. Y. In a note on this article Mr Fenton 
said : " I have lived in this valley over 50 years but have seen 
but one copper arrowhead. Of that I send you outline of actual 
size. It was found in the town of Poland, Chautauqua co. Mr 
Larkin claims to have found some copper ornaments in a mound 
he opened a great many years ago, but if I remember right he 
sent them to the Smithsonian institution." 

In his Ancient man in America Dr Larkin often speaks of native 
copper articles, without mentioning their final resting place. In 
a letter to the writer he says he thought he sent them to the 
Smithsonian institution or the Peabody museum. Nothing could 
be learned of them there and it is to be regretted that all have 
disappeared. His published statements may be quoted without 
comment, omitting minor matters: 

In the year 1859 while exploring some tumuli in the vicinity of 
the Ked House valley we found numerous singular and interest- 
ing relics, among which were spearheads 6 inches in length with 
double barbs composed of masses of native copper; also several 
blocks of mica which were in about the same condition as when 
chiseled from the granite of the Alleghany mountains. It was 
near this valley where was found one of the most interesting 
relics ever discovered among the works of the ancient inhabit- 
ants. It was a flat piece of copper, 6 inches in length by 4 in 
width, artistically wrought, with the form of an elephant repre- 
sented in harness engraved upon it, and a sort of breast collar, 
with tugs on either side, which extended past the hips. The 
great amount of copper implements and blocks of mica that 
have been found, contradicts the theory of Mr Squire, that 
the tumuli located in western New York are not the work 
of the mound builders. I am satisfied, beyond a doubt, that 



36 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



the Indian races never mined for mica or copper, neither did 
they bnry either of these articles with the remains of their 
distinguished dead. — Larkin, p. 19 

The circumstance of the Conewango and the Red House val- 
leys being on and near the different routes to the southern rivers 
may be the cause of the lavish distribution of copper in those 
sections. — Larkin, p. 20 

He gave an account of the demolition of a large tumulus in 

the town of Cold Spring about 1820, as told him by the old 

Seneca chief, Gov. Blacksnake: 

Great quantities of relics, such as gorgets, flint axes, arrow- 
heads, and a great number of copper implements artistically 
wrought from masses of native copper which was brought from 
the mines of Lake Superior, were found with the bones. . . So 
rich was this mound with decaying skeletons and relics of curi- 
ous workmanship, that new, after more than 60 years have 
passed away, fragments of human bones, arrowheads and cop- 
per relics are found in large quantities at each successive plow- 
ing. In the spring of 1879, a few days after the ground had 
been plowed, in company with two boys we found 15 arrowheads, 
a curious piece of copper, and nearly a peck of fragments of 
human bones. — Larkin, p. 23 

In speaking of Oil creek he said: " In the year 1861 1 saw tools 
found in different places on the creek which were composed of 
native copper, one of which weighed several pounds. It was 
something like a drill, rather flat, pointed at one end and ap- 
peared to have been hardened." — Larkin, p. 81 

Dr Larkin believed that the American elephant was tamed 
and used by prehistoric races. " Finding the form of an ele- 
phant engraved upon a copper relic some 6 inches long and 4 
wide, in a mound on the Red House creek, in the year 1854 and 
represented in harness with a sort of breast collar with tugs 
reaching past the hips, first led me to adopt that theory."- — 
Larkin, pref. The first quotation might imply that he had not 
seen this; the other that he himself found it. Those acquainted 
with native copper will at once conclude that some ingenious 
imposition was practised on him; one of those which every anti- 
quarian sometimes encounters. 

Fig. 47 is not so well finished as some of this type and the 
socket is square at the base. It is in the Bigelow collection 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW STORK INDIANS 



37 



and was found on lot n\ Lysander, west of the village of Phoenix 
and Oswego river. The sockel is shorl and the flanges rather 
low. 

Fig. 4S is in the same collection, but came from near the Bay 
of Quinte, on the north shore of Lake Ontario. The finder 
nn fortunately had ground down all irregularities. It is flat on 
one side, ridged on the other, with a square base. The flanges 
are parallel and much contracted and the socket is depressed, 
meeting the blade at a right angle. 

Fig. 67 is a long and rather rude spear of this type, in the 
Kellogg collection at Plattsburg N. Y. where it was found. The 
socket is short and nearly as wide as the blade, with parallel 
incurved flanges. This kind of socket was used at a later day. 

Fig. 66 is in the Kellogg collection, and was found at Clinton- 
ville in Clinton county. The general form is good but it seems 
unfinished. What should be the point has a broad protuberance 
and we might expect the removal of this in a perfect article. 
The shank is narrow and well worked, but is rounded at the end. 

Fig. 51 is from the Martin collection in Plattsburg and was 
found about 2 miles northeast of that place on a sandy ridge at 
the head of Cumberland bay. Mr Martin's account follows: 
" The ridge referred to is wooded and w r as originally a long- 
tongue of land between the bay and a river known as ■ the creek/ 
w r hose course was artificially changed some 50 years ago. This 
implement shows lamination at the base. It is somewhat 
weathered and is green on most of the surface. A cross section 
is a square, except for about an inch from the point, where it is 
round." He called it a borer or awl and it may be compared with 
Mr Frey's shorter awl in fig. 17. This is very large beside that, 
being 7^ inches long. It is a rare form in New York and the 
finest yet reported. The writer is much indebted to Mr Kellogg 
and Mr Martin for figures of their fine articles. 

After describing the foregoing the writer obtained a few other 
illustrations from various parts of New York. For some of these 
he is indebted to Mr C. C. Willoughby, assistant curator of the 
Peabody museum, Cambridge Mass. Fig. 171 is a native copper 



38 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



ax or broad gouge from Avon X. Y. given to that museum by 
Dr William Nisbert. This form seems more common in the 
Genesee valley and that of the Susquehanna than elsewhere. 
The general form is that of the ax, but the edge is slightly hol- 
lowed, as will be seen in one of the sections. Fig. 177 shows a 
piece of native copper given by Dr Nisbert and coming from the 
same place. It has been hammered into a rude celtlike form but 
has not been finished. Its importance is in this lack of comple- 
tion, showing that some native copper articles may have been 
made here. Very few of such fragments have been found. 

Fig. 173 is from an article entitled " The mound-builders," by 
W. L. Stone, in the September number of the Magazine of Ameri- 
can history, 1878, p. 532. It is of a spearhead found in 1876, near 
the outlet of Saratoga lake and north of Moon's Lake house, by 
J. W. Ooit. Fig. 174 is from the same article and is a figure of a 
similar but larger spearhead. This was found the same year by 
Horace Kelly, 2 miles up the lake on the Kamsdill farm. The 
point has been broken off. Both these slender spearheads have 
pointed tangs and are typical specimens. 

In the same article Mr Kelly is credited with finding another 
fine spearhead at RamsdilFs cove on Saratoga lake. No descrip- 
tion or figure of this is given but Mr Stone said it was tinged 
with red, apparently vermilion. If this were the case the article 
would be modern. Another curious find by the same person was 
a skull, colored on each side by verdigris. From this Mr Stone 
inferred the use of copper earrings. His article has some inter- 
esting statements and curious conclusions. Considering its 
sparse population the region about Saratoga and Lake Champlain 
has been unusually prolific in native copper articles. It is prob- 
able they were brought directly from Lake Superior, through the 
Georgian bay and Ottawa river to the St Lawrence, and thence 
into Lake Champlain. This was an early and well known route. 

Fig. 172 is a fine and broad spearhead of native copper from a 
drawing by Mr Van Epps, made Aug. 1, 1901. It was found in 
Saratoga county many years ago and now belongs to William T. 
Becker of Schenectady. In this specimen the broad tang is quite 
short and by itself would have afforded a slight hold to the shaft. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW ViUlK INDIANS 



39 



This made necessary a notch on each side near the base. The 
reverse is flat and the ridged side is shown, with the usual green 
corrosion and hammered streaks so commonly found. He de- 
scribed these as a " threadlike veining of the copper, with a 
smooth, polished surface, though with a rich patina. In fact, 
this side of the blade is a vivid green of beautiful tint. The other 
side is smooth, unpitted, and blotched yellow and green." These 
are frequent features of these implements. 

Two small axes or celts of native copper the writer found in 
the fine cabinet of the Athens historical society, Pennsylvania. 
Fig. 175 is one of these, belonging to Dr C. H. Ott of Sayre Pa. 
but found at Owego N. Y., like the next. It is symmetric and 
well wrought. A longitudinal section is given. Fig. 176 is an- 
other of these, more irregular and like an ax. It belongs to Mr 
Percy L. Lang of Waverly N. Y. Both are fine and in good con- 
dition. The writer learned of no other articles of native copper 
near the Susquehanna and Chemung rivers, the general range 
being farther north. Others will probably be found but to no 
great extent. 

Mr Van Epps sent also a figure of a fragment of a native cop- 
per ax, " found on the ridge near Edmonds house on the Vlaie," 
in 1875. This is in the town of Broadalbin, It now belongs to 
Mr E. B. Markham, Northampton N. Y. The curved cutting edge 
remains, 2J inches wide, and the fragment is a little more than 
that in length. He also kindly furnished a statement of native 
copper articles found in eastern New York but not including 
Lake Ohamplain. He commenced his descriptions in February 
1894, bringing them down to November 1901, and they embrace 
10 celts or axes, nine lance-shaped blades, nearly all with tangs, 
and an interesting find of 135 beads. His account follows : 

A brief description of the celts shows' four found in the town of 
Olenville, Schenectady co. alone. Three were apparently surface 
finds; the fourth was from a grave opened by a steam shovel in a 
gravel bank, midway between Hoffmans Ferry and Schenectady. 
This was described in the American antiquarian, March 1891, 
p. 110. Some years later the interesting lot of native copper 
beads described below was obtained from another grave in the 
same bank. 



40 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



One celt is recorded from the vicinity of Sharon Springs, Ot- 
sego co., one from Stuyvesant, Columbia co., the latter being in 
the collections of the New York state museum at Albany; and 
two others, found quite near the latter, in the town of Schodack. 
These two were found about the year 1893. Another, found 
near Glens Falls, is listed as lot no. 203 in the catalogue of the 
Wagman collection, sold in Boston by Woodward, in 1886. This 
measured 2-J by 4^ inches. 

The tenth and last to be mentioned was found on a relic strewn 
sand spit, jutting northward into the great Sacandaga Vlaie near 
Northampton, " the Fish-house/- Fulton co. This is a broken 
portion of the usual form of native copper celt, a fragment form- 
ing a triangle, whose sides measure about 2 inches, one being the 
cutting edge of the implement. The fracture, which is ancient, 
appears to have been made with great violence, for the fragment 
remaining is bent, showing the effect of a torsional twist or strain. 
This interesting relic was found in 1874 or 1875 and is covered 
with a fine green patina. All of the 10, as far as can be ascer- 
tained, are of the common rectanglar form, varying but little from 
the dimensions of the one from Glens Falls. 

The lance-shaped blades, whether used as knives, spear or 
arrowheads, present a greater diversity of form. Of the nine 
blades listed five are from Saratoga county. The remaining four 
are from Warren county, two of which were found near Glens 
Falls, one from French mountain, Queensbury, and the last from 
the vicinity of Lake George. Modern territorial boundaries 
count for nothing in archeologic science unless based on some 
prominent natural division of land by mountain range or water, 
and so it will be seen by those familiar with these localities that 
the whole of the blades recorded were found in a very small area. 

One of those from Saratoga county is a most beautiful example 
of the ancient American's skill in working native copper. It is 
now in the collection of William T. Becker of Schenectady N. Y. 
It is in absolutely perfect condition, is beautifully patinated in 
different tints, and has the unusual feature of a deeply notched 
base in addition to the usual tang, which however is very short. 
Its length is 4^ inches and greatest breadth If inches. Two 
others of the blades listed, of the common variety with long tang, 
were described and figured by William L. Stone in the American 
magazine of history for September 1878. One is described by him 
as being bronze but this is doubtless an erroneous idea. 

Closing the list of objects made by the aborigines from native 
copper is the find of beads numbering 135. This was made about 
midway between Hoffmans Ferry and Schenectady, at a gravel 
ridge in the town of Glenville, ^ mile from the north bank of the 
Mohawk river. In opening this bank several graves have been 



METALLIC I M ri.KM KNTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 



II 



disclosed. The one containing the beads had do other relics save 
a few crumbling fragments of bone while the grave containing 
the copper celt, but a Tow yards distant, yielded quite a store of 
fine objects, among which were an ornamented slate tube, sonic 
awls and a hook of bone, several hundred small perforated sea- 
shells, and a very fine doubly perforated boat-stone, made of cave 
alabaster. The 135 beads, varying- from \ to \ of an inch in di- 
ameter, were made by coiling a pounded strip of native copper 
upon itself, and then by further dextrous beating bringing the 
lapped edge down to an almost perfect weld. Unfortunately for 
science this interesting find was scattered instead of being pre- 
served intact. 

On reviewing this list an interesting question is suggested. 
The indicated localities show that all described, with the excep- 
tion of the celt from Sharon, are from the Hudson valley from 
Stuyvesant north to Lake George, and from the lower waters of 
1he Sacandaga and Mohawk rivers. In fact every specimen 
listed, with possibly two exceptions, comes within the bounds 
of the ancient territory of the Mahikans or River Indians. Can 
we thus conclude that these were made and used by these 
Indians? Certainly, to my knowledge no native copper imple- 
ments have been reported from any part of the Mohawk valley 
west of the localities mentioned. All of the numerous private 
collections of local material in the Mohawk valley, from Amster- 
dam to Utica, are absolutely barren of relics of this character. 
Triangular and conical arrowheads, rolled tubular beads, trink- 
ets, etc. made from sheet copper and brass of colonial times, 
are quite abundant on castle and village sites on either bank 
of the Mohawk west from Amsterdam, but never an object of 
native copper has appeared. Garoga, Otsquago and Cayadutta, 
the three great Mohawk strongholds of precolonial time, with 
their myriad relics unearthed, tell us the same story — an utter 
absence of native copper. 

In qualifying the above suggestive statement it may be said 
that the Palatine Bridge awl and beads are presumably of native 
copper, and that nowhere are native copper articles more fre- 
quent than in Clinton county near Lake Champlain. They seem 
everywhere to have been lost in travel and they are rare in the 
Mohawk valley because that was not a favorite route till the 
Mohawks came there late in the 16th century. Even then the 
river was little used west of Canajoharie for a long time. 

Several of the articles mentioned by Mr Van Epps are illus- 
trated in this bulletin, and can be compared with his account. 



42 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



His ability and experience are well known, and these have been 
of great service in the present work. 

Among the articles of native copper not figured here is one 
formerly in the state museum, from H. Van Rensselaer's farm 
near Ogdensburg. It is classed as a copper pickax. A fine tri- 
angular copper celt also belongs to the museum which came 
from Stuyvesant, Columbia co. One article of native cop- 
per was found on D. F. Shafer's farm, Schoharie. Mr Henry 
Woodworth of East Watertown has a fine spear of this material 
4 inches long. A neighbor found a larger one which he un- 
wisely polished. Mr W. P. Letch worth of Portage says : " I 
once had in my collection an ancient copper hatchet, excavated 
near Silver Creek N. Y. which disappeared in a loan exhibition 
held in Buffalo many years ago." 

Copper implements have been reported at East Aurora, but 
most relics are recent there and these may be inferred to be the 
same. At the opening of the Cambria ossuary in 1823 copper 
and iron implements were found with flint arrowheads and 
pottery. Though of an early date the copper there was prob- 
ably not native. 

The Wagman collection was sold at auction in 1886. It was 
made up of articles found not far from Saratoga and in it were 
three of native copper. One was described as a combined spear- 
head and bodkin, probably a spear with a long and sharp tang. 
This was from Glens Falls and measured 6J inches by £ inch. 
An arrowhead from the same place was 4J by 2-| inches, which 
is unusually wide for such an article. An elliptic and pointed 
spearhead was 6 by 1J inches. In the Smithsonian report for 
1879, Mr N. Cole mentioned a native copper spear, found near 
West mountain, Warren co. 

Copper articles were found in opening a mound in Mount 
Morris in 1835. These have since been reported as of brass, 
including brass kettles. Mr Hough mentioned a native copper 
chisel in Ellisburg, Jefferson co. Mr T. A. Cheney said, in 
describing a circular work and its relics on the east bank of the 
Allegany river: 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 43 

Among these were spearheads some 6 inches in length with 
double barbs upon each side and formed from native masses 
of copper. . . Fig. 9 represents a copper arrowhead of fine 
finish which was disclosed within the inclosnre. It is stated 
that spearheads, hatchets, etc. of iron, much oxidized by expos- 
ure, had been observed within this ancient work. None came 
to my notice. — Cheney, p. 49 

The arrowhead represented is large but otherwise like those 
of European copper found on Iroquois sites of the 17th century. 
It is possible that native copper articles were found with this 
but Mr Cheney did not say he saw them. Others have reported 
modern copper arrows from forts on Cattaraugus creek, not 
found by them and therefore subject to doubt. They may have 
been used by the Eries in the 17th century. 

Besides 135 tempered copper beads found in a grave 5 miles 
northwest of Schenectady, Mr Van Epps reported a native cop- 
per ax in the American antiquarian for 1894, found 20 years 
earlier. Fragmentary copper occurs in a few places. Most of 
the native copper implements now known in New York have 
been gathered within a quarter of a century and there may be 
many unreported now in private hands. Mr J. W. Nelson re- 
ported a fragment of native copper, 3 by 5 inches, with silver 
veins, from Deming's point, mouth of Matteawan creek, and 
a double-pointed knife 4 inches long. Copper spears have been 
doubtfully reported from Fredonia. 

In the summer of 1901 Mr Lorimer Ogden, of Penn Yan, 
obtained a fine copper spear, 6 inches long, but no further 
description of this has been received, nor any notes of locality. 
The find is quite unusual for that section of New York, as such 
articles seem very rare in the lake region of the central and 
western parts of the state. 

A fine celt of native copper was received too late for illus- 
tration, and is now in the Bigelow collection. It presents no 
unusual features, but has the black lines, corrosion and verdi- 
gris common to all articles of the kind. The general thickness 
is § of an inch, gradually sloping on one side to the top, but 
more abruptly curving on both sides to the broad cutting edge. 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



One lateral edge is straight; the other curves, so that the width,, 
which is J of an inch at the top, becomes an inch at the center 
and inches at the chisel edge. This edge is angularly curved, 
and quite sharp. Like most of the Bigelow articles it comes 
from the vicinity of the present owner's home, having been 
recently found near Three River Point, at the junction of the 
Seneca, Oneida and Oswego rivers. That part of New York 
has proved peculiarly rich in native copper, perhaps from its 
navigable waters and fine fishing grounds. 

Among Canadian articles not yet found in New York is a 
native copper spike, found with two others and some copper 
beads on Wolfe island. It is pointed, slightly curved, angular, 
and has the head bent over so as to form an eye. This is 
| inch in diameter and 3f inches long. 

Another is a very slender one-sided spear or knife, with a 
tang, above which it has its greatest width of a little over 
an inch, tapering thence to the point. The other edge is 14 
inches long. This came from St Joseph's island. 

The most remarkable is a broad, thin, and much curved cop- 
per knife, the concave edge of which has 15 equidistant rounded 
teeth. It is a little over 13 inches long and nearly 3 wide. 
Part . of the wrapper of beaver skin still adheres to it. This 
came from Midland City, the site of an old Huron town, giving 
it an age of at least 260 years. 

In Wisconsin native copper articles much like the rolled 
arrowpoints of New York have been found, but they are heavier 
and the edges do not meet. The copper fishhooks there differ 
but little in appearance from the recent Iroquois forms. The 
copper crescents of that state are broad and curved plates, with 
sharp projections at each end of the concave edge. A similar 
ornament or implement in the national museum tapers reg- 
ularly from near the center to each end and has no projections. 
It was found in Maryland and measures 8^ inches from point to 
point. Another in the same museum came from Canada. This 
is wider, more curved, and is 8 inches across. A very slender 
tool in the same collection is also from Canada. It is llf inches 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 



ir, 



long and the greatesl width is a1 the base, where ii is g inch 
w ide, tapering thence nearly to the point. Flanges extend half- 
way on each side. 

Recent copper and brass implements 

The New York aborigines were not slow to see the advan- 
tages of metallic articles of all kinds, whatever they may have 
had before Hudson's voyage. His account of their copper 
tobacco pipes may be compared with incidents in Gosnold's 
voyage a little before, along the New England coast. It is by 
no means improbable that some European articles had already 
found their way to them, but opportunities at once became 
greater. ,The Dutch soon followed Hudson's lead to the upper 
waters of the river, and early trade may be said to have com- 
menced there rather than in the harbor of New York. We may 
dismiss the mythic Tawasentha council as far as the Iroquois 
are concerned. Their eastern boundary reached only the w T est 
line of Albany county, and the hostile Mahikans held the west 
bank of the river till Van Rensselaer purchased the land on. 
both sides. It is quite likely the Mohawks soon contrived to 
trade on or near the river, but they had no treaty with the 
Dutch when Gorlaer (Arent Van Curler) visited them in 1642 r 
nor is there any evidence of any till 1645. Adriaen Van der 
Donck said: "In the year 1645 we were employed with the offi- 
cers and rulers of the colony of Rensselaerwyck in negotiating a 
treaty of peace with the Maquas, who were and still are the 
strongest and fiercest Indian nation of the country; whereat the 
Director general William Kieft on the one part, and the chiefs 
of the Indian nations of the neighboring country on the other 
part, attended." The Mahikans had then removed to New 
England. 

Preliminary to this first formal council with the Mohawks, Cor- 
laer said in 1642, he " brought presents there, and asked that we 
should live as good neighbors, and that they should do no harm 
to either the colonists or their cattle, to all of which the sav- 
ages at the three castles gratefully agreed." Three years later 
the treaty was made. The Mohawks of the first castle may 



46 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



have referred to Corlaer's informal visit when they said, Sep. 24, 
1659: " Brothers, 16 years have now passed since we made the 
first treaty of friendship and brotherhood between you and all 
the Dutch, whom we then joined together with an iron chain. 
Since that time it has never been broken either by us or by our 
brothers and we have no fear that it will be broken by either 
side." 

It would be easy to bring other proof that this supposed early 
Tawasentha council with the Iroquois was never held, but the 
practical fact remains that Indian trade began at Fort Orange 
or Albany, and that it speedily penetrated farther. The Min- 
quas, or Susquehannas, lived on the lower waters of the Sus- 
quehanna river and were kindred to the Iroquois. They were 
visited by Capt. Oornelis Hendricksen, who made a report of his 
discoveries, Aug. 18, 1616. Among other things, " he also traded 
for, and bought from the inhabitants, the Minquaes, three per- 
sons, being people belonging to this company; which three per- 
sons were employed in the service of the Mohawks and Machi- 
cans; giving for them kettles, beads and merchandise." It has 
been reasonably supposed that these Dutch traders among the 
Mohawks were taken prisoners by their enemies, the Minquas, 
and that on their knowledge of the country the maps of 1614 
and 1616 were partially founded. Farther we know not. 

War between the Mahikans and Mohawks interfered with the 
Albany trade at times and in these hostilities the Dutch became 
involved in 1625. The commander at Fort Orange assisted the 
Mahikans, but the Mohawks beat the combined party and killed 
him and six of his men, cooking and eating one of them and 
sending portions to their villages to show they were superior to 
the white men. Yet the Mohawks bore no malice. Peter 
Barentsen visited them a few days later and they said they 
would not have injured the Dutch had they not meddled with 
them. After this hostile episode there was no farther trouble. 

The Dutch did not at once sell guns to the Iroquois and were 
shrewd enough to withhold them from the River Indians when 
furnishing the others, but whether they sold arrowheads to both 



METALLIC [MPLEMENTS OF M'W i'ORK INDIANS 



17 



niay be a question. The arrowheads found with other tilings 
in an Indian grave at Fall River, on which Longfellow founded 
his well known ballad, are precisely like those found on most 
recent Iroquois sites. These are generally a long triangle with 
various other features. For convenience those of iron will be 
placed with them here. Most of these are cut from thin sheet 
iron or brass, commonly with perforations by which they were 
securely bound to the shafts. Parts of these often remain, 
having been preserved by the salts of the copper. As shreds 
and large fragments of sheet copper are frequent on Iroquois 
sites it is probable that many arrowheads and ornaments were 
made on the spot. Sometimes an old brass kettle was used in 
this way. 

Fig. 46 is a long spearhead from Cattaraugus creek, made 
from an old brass kettle. At the base the edges are rolled over 
so as to form a socket. This is the largest the writer has 
seen. 

Fig. 6 comes from Cayuga county and is reduced in size. It is 
made of sheet copper and is If inches long. There is a perfora- 
tion by which a part of the shaft remains attached by sinews. 
Fig. 70 is an unusually long and rather rough copper arrowhead 
from Indian hill, Pompey. This was the town of 1654, and these 
triangular arrowheads have been frequent there. It was occu- 
pied till 1682. This is imperforated. Mr David Boyle calls 
these ghost arrows. 

Fig. 82 is in the collection of Mr W. L. Hildburgh and was 
found in Oneida county near Oneida lake. It is of rolled copper, 
pentagonal, with one perforation and another begun. This 
form is rare. Fig. 83 is similar but longer in proportion and has 
a very small perforation midway. It is in the same collection, 
and from Livingston county. Fig. 84 is in the same cabinet, and 
has a stem, rather a rare feature in this class. This is from 
Oneida county. 

Fig. 63 is a triangular arrowhead with indented and undulat- 
ing base. It is not perforated and comes from Indian Castle, 
north of i Watervale, where copper arrowheads have been abun- 



48 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



dant. This was occupied in 1677. Fig. 103 is a long and perfo- 
rated triangular arrowhead, also from Pompey. Fig. Ill is of a 
different character, being of yellow sheet brass, stemmed and 
barbed and with notches in the edges. This is from the fort 
south of Pompey Center, occupied a.bout 1640. 

Fig. 117 is from Cayuga county and was found in 1888. It has 
no perforation but part of the shaft remains attached, being 
l)ound below the metal. Mr W. W. Adams, the finder, called it a 
brass arrowhead. 

Fig. 113 is of copper and from the Sheldon fort, lot 69, Pom- 
pey, probably occupied about 1630. It differs from most in hav- 
ing the two long edges slightly convex. Fig. 129 is one of three 
triangular arrowheads found by the writer at Indian hill, Pom- 
pey, in 1886. This is perforated but the others are not. Fig. 
133 is of rarer material, being of thin iron. It is triangular, 
with indented base, and having one of the long edges irregular. 
This came from Indian Castle, Pompey. Fig. 134 is from the 
same place and is of copper. The perforation is central and 
long, and the ends of the base have a slight upward curve. Fig. 
140 is a long triangular brass arrowhead from the fort south 
of Pompey Center, having convex edges. Most of the articles 
from this site are in the Vail collection. 

Fig. 141 is a brass arrowhead from an Oneida village site near 
Munnsville, Madison co. It has a sharp angular indentation in 
the base and another in one lateral edge. Fig. 142 is another 
of sheet brass, found in 1879 east of the Oswego river at 
Phoenix. It is barbed and stemmed. 

Fig. 143 was drawn from one taken from a grave near Amster- 
dam N.|Y. and in the possession of Mr Le Grand S. Strong. It 
has an indented base and a square perforation. This is unusual 
though not unique. Mr Grider gave the same feature to two 
others. Fig. 144 is one of these, from the same place, and differs 
from the last in its pentagonal form. Fig. 159 is the third of 
these, and is much larger than the others. 

Fig. 157 is a large and fine brass arrowhead, stemmed and 
barbed. It is from Stone Arabia and is in the Eichmond collec- 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 



I!) 



lion. Fig. 160 is a copper arrow with angularly indented base, 
and is in the same cabinet. It was from the Xellis farm near 
Palatine Church, and with it is a larger one with slightly in- 
dented base. Fig. 104 is a triangular brass arrowhead from the 
Slu ldon fort, Pompey. This is not large, and the base is con- 
vex. Fig. 58 is from the same site and like the last. 

Fig. 149 is another triangular arrowhead from Indian hill, 
Pompey. It has a central perforation and an indented base. 
Fig. 150 is from the same site and is similar except in having a 
•straight base. Fig. 152 is a large triangular arrowhead, one 
edge of which is convex. The perforation is central. It is from 
Happy hollow, west of Canajoharie. Fig. 153 is a narrow trian- 
gular arrowhead from Indian hill, Pompey. The base is slightly 
convex. 

Fig. 86 is a very neat little brass arrowhead, found near 
Oneida lake, and of unusual form. There are slight notches in 
the lateral edges of the sloping base and the cutting edges are 
a little convex. 

Fig. 151 is of quite a different type. There is a short stem 
with an expanded base, and the shoulders are almost barbs. 
The lateral edges are beveled and sharp and there are several 
long incisions on the flat surface. The point is broadly rounded, 
and it may be one of the later steel arrowheads. It is in the 
collection of the Onondaga historical association, but without 
locality. Fig. 54 has a similar base, is of iron or steel, and not 
unlike the last in general character. It is beveled from the 
center and there is a large perforation on each side above the 
shoulders. The edges of these have been hammered down. It 
ivas found, at Baldwinsville in 1880 and is in the Hamill collec- 
tion. Fig. 184 is a fine and curious iron arrowhead, with 
notches. It is in the Coats collection and from the Onaghee 
site. 

There is another class of recent copper arrowheads barely 
separated from ornaments. A triangular and rather long piece 
of sheet copper was rolled into a slender cone. If it was to be 
used as a bangle, with a tuft of colored hair inserted, the narrow 



50 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



point was left a little open for suspension. If an arrowhead 
was desired, it was rolled tightly so as to make a sharp point. 
Fig. 85 shows one of the latter, in the Hildburgh collection, 
which has part of the slender shaft remaining. It was found in 
Livingston county, where the form is frequent. Fig. 148 is 
another, belonging to G. W. Chapin of Fonda N. Y. and was 
found on Briggs creek, north of the Mohawk river. The writer 
has seen many on the Pompey, Owego and Cayuga sites, and 
they abound in Ontario county. Fig. 183 is a fine example, 
recently found at Indian hill in Pompey. 

In these selections from a great number of specimens and 
figures, it will be seen that the Iroquois changed the material 
but not the form of the arrowhead. Probably nine out of 10 
are simply long triangles, the favorite Iroquois form when they 
used stone. The rolled and cylindric examples do not differ 
much in form from the earlier ones made of horn. Those with 
stems are everywhere rare, and some were not made by the 
Indians, but sold to them or given as presents. Most persons 
are familiar with the iron arrowheads used by our western 
tribes but they are hardly a new feature of savage life. Some 
Abenakis came from New England to visit Count Frontenac 
in 1691 and proffer him their aid. In reply he told them they 
might have all the iron arrowheads they could carry away. 
This shows he had a constant and abundant supply. 

Brass kettles 

The earthen pot survived the coming of the brass kettle for 
a generation, for poor Indians could make the former when 
unable to buy the latter. The advantages of the metallic vessel 
were too great, however, to be foregone except in case of need. 
It was light, durable and convenient, and was at once a favorite. 
Even to the happy hunting grounds its spirit could go with the 
Indian warrior. Hence came a curious custom among the 
Hurons of Canada, always in early days noted as thieves. The 
articles were valuable and the graves might be robbed. The 
safeguard was to cut a hole in the bottom with an axe, which 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NNW YORK INDIANS 



ruined i( for earthly use !>u( doI for spiritual. Nearly all Can- 
adian vessels of thai period are thus marred. 

II was not so in New York. Fragments of vessels are found, 
bul an incredible Dumber of perfed ones have been exhumed, 
many of which afterward did faithful service in the kitchens 
of pioneers. In graves they often contain (races of food, 
charred corn, dried grapes, chestnuts, raspberry seeds and oilier 
( hings. 

Large vessels might be used in villages, but travelers pre- 
ferred (hose which were small and light. For convenience 
these were sometimes placed in caches or hid in trees. Thus, 
when Cammerhoff and Zeisberger were at Skaneateles July 21, 
1750, they said: "There we found the kettle which we had con- 
cealed when we passed here the last time." 

The lack of this kettle, while at Onondaga, gave them occasion 

to note another use. A war party was about to set forth and 

on the evening of July 11 they were invited to a farewell feast: 

The repast was held in the house of the chief and all was con- 
ducted in a very ceremonious manner. Every one brought his 
kettle. The chiefs sat together and our seats were in the midst. 
After the usual ceremonies the meal was served by two ser- 
vants. They had boiled a whole pig with Indian corn and the 
servants continued helping the guests until the supply was ex- 
hausted. As we had no kettle or dish, they furnished us with 
a kettle and tilled it very full. We were still hungry from our 
long fast and ate the food with great relish. When we had 
emptied our kettle they filled it again and we took it home 
with us. — Cammerhoff 

At the 10 days dead feast and other like occasions, the Onon- 
daga s still carry home parts of the feast in their tin pails, but 
they do not now eat from them. In old times it was customary 
for all to carry their bark dishes and wooden spoons. When 
Conrad Weiser and John Bartram were at Onondaga in 1743 
the latter gives the impression that the feast was more in com- 
mon. He said: "After 4 o'clock we all dined together upon 
four great kettles of Indian corn soop, which we soon emptied." 
A few days before Weiser was at a feast with 18 Onondaga 
chiefs. Several songs opened this, followed by the emptying of 
a two gallon keg of rum in mutual healths. "After that the 



52 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



kettle was handed round with a wooden spoon in it; every one 
took so much as he pleased." This may have been placed in 
his own small kettle. 

In 1684 La Salle wanted 2000 pounds of small brass kettles at 
Fort Frontenac, costing 1 livre, 5 sous, a pound. These would 
sell for 4 francs a pound, yielding a great profit. The English 
and Dutch sold these also but included them among presents. 
In 1693 Gov. Fletcher gave the Mohawks 24 brass kettles for 
cooking to replace those the French had destroyed in February. 
Some of 2 or 3 pounds weight were among the presents of the 
following year. They prized small brass kettles but large ones 
were needed for public occasions. When Schuyler and Living- 
ston came to Onondaga in 1700 the Indians, " according to their 
custom, hung over a great kettle of hasty pudding made of 
parch'd Indian meal, and sent it us." The great kettle is now 
of iron but is still a feature of New York reservation life. 

As one feature of public gatherings and great occasions the 
kettle became symbolic. When Frontenac was preparing to 
invade Onondaga in 1696, he spoke to his friendly Indians about 
" the Great Kettle from which the whole world will take what 
it wants to keep alive the war unto the end. Be not impatient; 
that Kettle has not yet boiled; it will boil soon. Then will 
Onontio invite all his children to the feast and they will find 
wherewithal to fill them. The tears and the submissions of the 
Iroquois will no longer be received as in times past. They have 
overflowed the measure; the patience of the common father is 
exhausted; their destruction is inevitable."— O'Callaffhan, 9:645 

Dablon described the general war feast at Onondaga in chap- 
ter 10 of the Relation of 1656, and part of this is quoted here: 

We saw in the latter part of January the ceremony which 
takes place every winter in their preparations for war, and 
which serves to stimulate their courage for the approaching 
conflict. First of all the war kettle, as they call it, is hung 
over the fire as early as the preceding autumn, in order that 
each of the allies may have the opportunity to throw in some 
precious morsel to be kept cooking through the winter ; that is 
to say, in order that they may contribute to the enterprise which 
they are planning. The kettle having boiled steadily to the 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OK NEW YORK INDIANS 



53 



month of February, a greal number of the hunters of Sonnon- 
touan (Seneca) and of Oiogoen, (Cayuga) having repaired hither, 
made the war feast, which lasted several nights.i . . The 
Father (Chaumonot) was invited to put something into the ket- 
tle to make it better. He told them that that was certainly 
his desire; and accommodating himself to their customs, he 
assured them thai the French would put some powder under this 
kettle, which pleased them greatly. 

To upset this kettle was to abandon warlike plans. To boil 
the flesh of an enemy in it was often metaphoric, but much 
more frequently literal. William L. Stone quotes from Ram- 
say's History of the revolution a passage apparently referring to 
Guy Johnson's council with the Indians at Oswego in 1775: 

Colonel Johnson had repeated conferences with the Indians 
and endeavoured to influence them to take up the hatchet, but 
they steadily refused. In order to gain this cooperation, he 
invited them to feast on a Bostonian and to drink his blood. 
This, in the Indian style, meant no more than to partake of a 
roasted ox and a pipe of wine at a public entertainment, which 
was driven on design to influence them to cooperate with the 
British troops. The colonial patriots affected to understand it 
in its literal sense. — Stone, 1 :88 

It may be noted that Was-to-heh-no is still the Onondaga name 
for the people of the United States, being the nearest approach 
they could make to pronouncing " Bostonian " a century ago. 
The figurative use of many terms has been often explained but 
the early Iroquois had a well founded reputation for cannibal 
tastes. The eastern Indians called them Man-eaters. 

Though the subject of cooking and serving meals is connected 
with that of the utensils employed, a bare reference may serve 
here. Not much time was wasted in preparing food till those 
later days when the kettle was always over the fire. Some 
ate directly from this; others used small kettles, bark dishes 
and wooden spoons. Indians had their changing and local fash- 
ions even as we do. Their few vegetables and abundant game 
gave them all the variety they required. Greatly prized were 
the three supporters of life, corn, beans and squashes, and of 
these they have pretty stories to tell. In agriculture the colon- 
ists learned some useful lessons from them, and the French mis- 



54 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



sionaries preferred meal ground with the wooden pestle and 
mortar to that from their own hand mills. In plentiful times 
they reveled; in times of dearth they ate anything they could. 
In Indian corn they left a priceless legacy to the land. 

A few illustrations of brass kettles will be given, as well as 
of some parts. They were serviceable after their original use 
was gone, being formed into arrowheads, knives, saws and orna- 
ments of many kinds. Examples of some of these secondary 
uses will be given. 

Fig. 158 is a much reduced figure of one out of many kettles 
found in Cayuga county in 1885-86. Fig. 155 is another of actual 
size, in the collection of Mr 0. F. Moseley, Bergen N. Y. It is 
from Honeoye Falls, where many similar ones have been found. 
Fig. 147 is another from the same place, of actual size. The 
ears are of different forms. This one is in the Dann collection, 
is not corroded, and is in fine condition. Another, much like 
this, is from the same place, and now in the state museum. It 
is 5| inches in diameter, and almost 3 inches deep. One with 
it is an inch wider and a very little deeper. One found 3 feet 
underground, at the junction of Wood and Fish creeks, near 
Oneida lake, has a top diameter of 5J inches, bottom 4J and a 
depth of 3 inches. This was much corroded. The rim was 
rolled but not wired, and the ears for the bail were cut out and 
riveted in place. It was close to the face of a skeleton and 
bottom side up. Other relics were found several feet deeper, 
but the shifting sand made the original depth doubtful. 

Brass tobacco boxes were among the presents of 1694, and 
these are occasionally found. They are circular and flat and 
were sometimes used to hold paint. Tomahawks are frequently 
made of brass, with a steel edge. 

While most of a broken brass kettle could be used, the ears 
were not available, and so are sometimes found in a perfect con- 
dition but detached from the vessel. Fig. 128 shows one of these 
which forms a thick loop, with the ends riveted to the vessel. 
This is from Indian hill, Pompey, where this form is common, 
and is of actual size. Fig. 156 is also of actual size, the rivets 



METALLIC IMPLKMI3NTK OK MOW YORK IN1HAXS 



55 



remaining. II is made of a flal plate of brass about as thick as 
the kettle, inside of which it was placed. The corners of the 
plate are bent over. This is from the fort south of Pompey 
('enter, making it 15 or 20 years older than the last. 

Copper spoons are rather rare, the Indians preferring the 
wooden ones which they made with so much taste and skill. 
Pig. 137 was drawn by Mr R. A. Grider from a large copper 
spoon belonging to Mr D. I. Devoe of Fort Plain N. Y. It was 
made from part of a kettle, and was found in a grave. Fig. 138 
is a profile view of another made of pewter, and fig. 139 is a full 
view of the same. The form is much like that of the wooden 
spoon but lacks the ornament at the top of the handle, which 
is bent over. This was found in a grave in Cayuga county with 
a pewter mug containing 44 French coins, dated from 1642 to 
1G56. Some of the earlier dates may be doubtful. 

Fig. 131 is a flat copper spatula, found on the Odell farm, 
lot 3, Yan Buren, on the south side of Seneca river. It has been 
hammered into shape, and is rather smooth. This may have 
been once nearly on a plane but is now considerably bent. Fig. 
163 is much like the last in outline but has a longer handle, 
thickened at the end. It is of iron and was found in the town 
of Fleming in 1887. 

Among the presents recommended for the Five Nations in 
1694, were " 50. Brass Kettles of two, three, & four pound a 
p ce thin beaten and light to Carry when they go a hunting, or 
to war if the Continue." — O'Callaghan 4:126. The high value 
the Indians placed on " small brass kettles " was noted in 1696. 
Among the presents of that year were 30 small and 14 large 
kettles. 

For trade purposes they were often brought to the Indians 
in graded sizes. Mr J. Y. H. Clark mentioned some thus ar- 
ranged in Pompey. " Mr David Hinsdale found a nest of brass 
kettles, the largest of which would hold two pails full, and the 
smallest about three pints. They were all bailed, ready for use, 
and some of the smaller ones were used in Dr \Yestern's family 
and Mr Hinsdale's family for several years. The larger ones, 



56 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



being on the outside, were considerably corroded by time and 
exposure and were unfit for use." — Ctiark, 2:260 

Squier mentioned a curious burial around a kettle, which may 
be credited to the Neutral nation. A large number of skeletons 
were found together in the town of Black Rock. " They were 
arranged in a circle, with their heads radiating from a large 
copper kettle which had been placed in the center and filled with 
bones. Various implements both of modern and remote date 
had been placed beside the skeletons." — Squier, p. 100 

The brass kettles which he describes and figures from the 
Canadian ossuaries are quite different in some respects from 
those of New York. The ears and bails project far out from 
the sides in a very clumsy way and the kettles held from 6 to 16 
gallons. As these were undoubtedly French, those of New York 
may show the prevalent English and Dutch forms in the 17th 
century. 

Metallic pipes 

Roger Williams's statement has been given regarding the 
quickness with which the New England Indians learned to cast 
metals, even in the form of pipes. Their ability to cast brass 
may be doubted. When the writer was a child every hunter 
cast his own bullets, and he has done the same. Bullet molds 
occur on Iroquois sites 250 years old. Like things were a part 
of household economy. In the general Bigelow collection is a 
mold for casting pewter spoons, much in use in pioneer days by 
those who could not afford silver, then a foreign commodity. 
Were the old spoons bent and battered? They went into the 
ladle and mold and came forth in pristine beauty. 

Though Hudson said he saw copper pipes in New York in 
1609, none of these are known, nor are metallic pipes common. 
Those found on Indian sites were probably made by white men. 
Fewter and lead were easily melted; not so iron and brass. So 
bars of lead were often given to the Indians at treaties and 
are sometimes found on their village sites. These were mostly 
used for bullets, but some were formed into rude ornaments, to 
be noted later. In case of necessity the lead ornament or pipe 
might take the form of balls for the gun. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW STORK INDIANS 



Fig. 71) is the bowl of a pewter pipe in the Eildburgh collec- 
tion, found in Livingston county. The bowl is cylindric and U 
has a broad and thin rim. Another as broad again, with a wood 
and copper bowl, is in the same collection, but is almost de- 
stroyed. This is from Oneida Valley, whence conies another of 
the same materials and in fair condition. This has an expand- 
ing bowl with raised angles. 

Pig. 80 is a slender trumpet-form pipe of brass in the Rich- 
mond collection, found on the Briggs farm, town of Mohawk 
N. Y. Fig. 104 is a large and rude iron pipebowl from the Rose 
hill farm in Seneca county, on the east bank of Seneca lake. 
It has a projecting rim and is angular. 

Fig. 127 is a curious angular lead pipe in the state museum, 
with a bold platform projection in front of the top of the bowl. 
This was obtained by Mr J. S. Twining in Jefferson county. 
Fig. 130 is a massive pipe of pewter or lead and of simple form, 
found in the town of Schroeppel, a little north of Oneida river. 
The edge of the bowl has been battered. Fig. 145 is a fine 
but short lead pipe, found near the surface of the grave in 
Fleming where the pewter mug was obtained. Fig. 146 is an 
equally fine pipe of the same material, found in Rome N. Y. 
The stem is quite slender. 

Fig. 132 is an iron pipe of modern pattern, found in the town 
of Scipioville. It is partly brazed, and but 5 inches of the long 
stem remain. Fig. 136 is a fine pewter pipe, found near Maple- 
ton, on the site of Upper Cayuga. Part only of the stem is 
shown here, but the extreme length of the pipe is 9J inches. 

Fig. 182 is from Oneida Valley and is in the Hildburgh collec- 
tion. The owner describes it as made of copper, pewter and 
wood. The form is unique. Fig. 181 is a fine example of a 
small iron pipe, found in Jefferson county and belonging to 
Dr Getman. It is well made and preserved, and has a knob 
at the bottom of the bowl and the end of the stem. The stem 
is but little longer than the bowl. 

Fig. 180 is a reproduction of one sent the writer by Walter C. 
Wyman of Chicago, and represents an interesting relic of two 



58 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



prominent men of New York. It is of silver with the simple 
inscription on the bowl: " Presented by Governor Tompkins to 
Skenandoah." De Witt Clinton visited the old chief at Oneida 
in 1810 and said: " He is entirely blind but his hair is not gray. 
He smokes, and can converse a little in English. He was highly 
delighted with a silver pipe that was given him by Governor 
Tompkins." The latter filled his office from 1807 to 1817, and 
the pipe is now nearly a century old. Mr Wyman said : " The 
lettering is very much rubbed but is legible. The pipe was 
obtained with the wampum belt of the Oneida treaties, directly 
from old Skenandoah, the chief of the Oneidas in Wisconsin, 
who died three years ago. He was the grandson of the owner 
of the pipe and was about 90 when he died." 

Mr Jeptha R. Sininis describes another of these New York 
silver pipes in the following words: 

Oct. 28, 1867, I had a visit from Rev. Robert Jones Roberts, 
a young English missionary to the Six Nation Indians at New- 
port, province of Ontario, Canada. He was accompanied by 
G. H. M. Johnson — On- wan-on-shy-son — one of the principal 
Indian chiefs of that province, who claimed to obtain his name 
by descent from Sir William Johnson. . . He carried with him 
a pipe which had descended through several generations of 
sachems, and had become among them an evidence to its bearer 
of his dignified position. On the plate under its stem, next the 
bowl, was engraved the history of its origin, reading upon the 
right side, from the mouth, "As a testimony of their sincere 
esteem;" and on its reverse, " To the Mohawk Indians, from the 
Nine Partners of the tract near Schoharie, granted in 17G9." 
This pipe is of pure silver and weighs four ounces avoirdupois. 
It is of goodly proportions, with a bowl 2 inches deep; from 
which the stem measures 18J inches. An ornamental plate, 
perhaps an inch wide, extends 5 inches from the bowl, bearing 
the inscription above named. From this plate to within 4 inches 
of the end of the stem, is a small silver chain. On the front of 
the bowl stand the figures of a white man and an Indian, holding 
a chain in their right hands; the latter having in his left hand 
a pipe from which he is smoking. This relic is sacredly 
treasured among the Indians. — Simms, p. 43 

Mr Simms gave a good figure of this interesting article. The 

Schoharie valley belonged to the Mohawks, and the original 

Nine Partners' great and little patents were in Dutchess county, 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OP NEW YOIIK INDIANS 



59 



and dated in L697 and 1706. These partners were no1 the same 
Several patents of Otsego and Schoharie lands were made 
in L769. 

After the above was written the writer figured a line pewter 
pipe belonging to Mr Addison Pease of Fleming, and found at 
that place. St is of a modern form, with ample bowl and in good 
condition. 

More of these might be shown, but they differ little in form, 
even when combined with wood or stone. Such combinations 
were frequent. , In a paper in the American antiquarian for 1879 
Mr Edwin A. Barber figured several Dutch and Swiss iron 
pipes and a rude copper pipe from Pennsylvania. He also 
quoted a statement about the pipe of Capt. Miles Standish, 
used by him till his death. It. was " a little iron affair of about 
the size and shape of a common clay pipe." Mr Barber thought 
this was made in Holland. Those in New York may be over 
200 years old. This eminent authority concludes " that we 
have no positive proof that pipes were in use in Europe before 
the Columbian discovery of America; but if it can be shown 
that such was undoubtedly the case, it is reasonably cer- 
tain that such objects were employed in medicinal remedies or 
for purposes of fumigation." 

It was customary to present large quantities of pipes at 
Indian councils. Among the presents in 1696 were " 1 grose of 
tobacco pipes, wood & tinn," and sometimes casks of pipes were 
given. The study of European pipes used by the Indians of 
New York has proved of much interest. They came in at quite 
an early day. 

Trade axes 

One of the earliest iron implements that found its way into 
the interior of New York is know n as the trade ax. It usually 
has a broad edge for cutting, but is narrow below the socket 
for the handle. This was made by bending over the upper 
part of the flat iron plate, forming an elliptic opening. They 
are of all sizes, and quite frequently are stamped with three 
circles, each inclosing a cross. Sometimes the cross has a sec 



60 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



ond bar. The circles vary from one to three, never exceeding 
the latter number. Many are unstamped. They occur in large 
numbers in some parts of Canada and New York. Hundreds 
have been found on Cazenovia creek in Erie county. Large num- 
bers on Cattaraugus creek, near the lake, kept the early black- 
smiths supplied with good material, and Mr Obed Edson re- 
corded large finds in Erie and Chautauqua counties. Several 
hundred pounds of these were found on M. B. Crooks's farm 2 
miles from East Aurora. Miles Bristol paid for two years 
tillage of his orchard lot with the axes he found at the village 
of Lima. In another place enough of these were obtained to 
equip an early sawmill, and Cayuga, Madison, Onondaga and 
Ontario counties have been equally prolific. After a century's 
gathering the "crop is not exhausted. Squier said of these: 
tk Thousands are found in the western counties of the state." 

Their early introduction has been already noted, Champlain 
seeing them here in 1609. One or two have been found near 
the prehistoric fort in the town of Minden, but not of late 
years at least within the wall. Squier said that brass kettles 
and European articles were found inside the bank, but this is 
usually thought an error. In another place the evidence is 
clearer, and fig. 87 is probably one of the oldest to which a 
date can be given. It is 7 inches long and is stamped with two 
circles of unusual character. The cross is not of the common 
type, and there are very small circles in three angles of the limbs. 
This is in a collection at Cazenovia N. Y. with another much 
larger, and regarding both Mr J. T. E. Burr writes: " The iron 
axes are from the fort on the Nichols farm, on the Mile Strip in 
Fenner. I know when they were found, and assure you they 
are genuine and properly located." The larger one is 8 inches 
long, with a cutting edge of 4^ inches. It has three circles 
close together but each cross has a double bar. The socket is 
bent and broken. 

It is probable these were used in the siege of the Oneida 
fort in 1615 but whether they were brought by Champlain's 
Indians or already owned by the Oneidas is conjectural. The 



metallic: implements of mow store Indians 



(il 



latter removed their (own soon after, and when Oorlaer visited 
them in December. 1.634, a chief told him thaJ " the Frenchmen 
had come thither to trade with six men, and had given him good 
gifts, because they had been trading in this river with six men 
in I he month of August of this year. We saw very good axes 
to cut the underwood." They saw razors also. 

In this case it is quite probable that by the river they meant 
the St Lawrence, rather than any stream in the country of the 
Oneidas. It was easy to misunderstand. 

In the pictures accompanying the account of the nine Iroquois 
tribes or dans in 1066, the Turtle and the Beaver carry the typi- 
cal trade ax, but the Eagle has a hatchet expanding equally on 
each side. W ooden clubs were at first called tomahawks, but 
after a time axes were known by this name. Taking up and lay- 
ing down the hatchet became terms for war and peace, modified 
to suit the occasion. According to Golden the expression was 
enforced by acts at times. He relates the proceedings at a 
council in Albany in 1684. Speeches and explanations had been 
made to avert hostilities. " Then the axes were buried in the 
southeast end of the courtyard, and the Indians threw T the earth 
upon them." The council was really held in 1681. 

When war was unsuccessful the Indians said the ax was poor 
or broken, and some battles have been known by this name. 
Axes were figured on or attached to war belts. In 1692 Tata- 
conicere, an Oneida at a French mission post in Canada, learned 
that the wife of the Onondaga chief, Black Kettle, was trying to 
escape. He at once killed her, and " struck his hatchet into the 
gate as a sign that he would not grant pardon to any one." Old 
documents and speeches are full of these symbolic uses. 

In his camp at Onondaga lake, July 2, 1756, Sir William John- 
son made a remarkable speech of this kind to the Indians assem- 
bled there. He had advised them to return the French hatchet 
and had sharpened their own by a belt. To this they had made a 
suitable response and waited his further pleasure. He said: 

Brethren — two days ago you returned me thanks for sharpen- 
ing your own Hatchet and said you had found mine last year at 
Oswego was not good. I told you then that I had some weapons 



62 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



with ine that were sharp likewise if properly made use of and I 
hope you will make use of them vigorously and our common 
enemy As your Hatchet is now sharp. I likewise sharpen your 
knife to cut our enemys throats or take their scalps oft', and as 
I know it is an old custom amongst you to feast on your enemies 
flesh I present you those Kettles for that purpose. [This is 
meant figuratively, and some Meat is boiled in the Kettles, which 
they eat and call it French Mens Flesh, so when drink is given 
it is called blood of their enemies.] — O'Callaglian, 7 :149 

There was much profit in selling these implements. La Salle 
gave an account of trade at Fort Frontenac in 1684, with general 
demands, cost and profit. He wanted 1000 axes, which would 
cost 7 or 8 sous a pound and would sell for 30 sous apiece. They 
were prized as presents and Schuyler gave the Iroquois 300 
hatchets in 1708. Metallic implements made blacksmiths neces- 
sary to the Indians and it became a matter of political impor- 
tance whether the blacksmith was English or French. Old anvils 
have been found on village sites, the possession of which was 
matter for stratagem or debate two centuries ago. A few words 
on this may be of interest. 

As the Iroquois increased their use of guns, axes and kettles, 
they more and more required the aid of smiths. The Mohawks 
could go to the white settlements, but this was too long a journey 
for the others. So, at a council in Albany in 1691, they renewed 
a previous request, saying: "We did formerly desire that we 
might have a Smith at Onnondage, whereupon a young Man that 
was a Smith by Trade, was sent us, and we gave him 20 Beavers 
for his encouragement to stay, but is gone away; again we re- 
quest that we may have a Smith to mend our Arms, it being 
somewhat dangerous to come downe for every trifle hither, & we 
desire also that the Smiths here may in the meantime work as 
cheape as they did formerly." — O'Gallaghan, 3:775 

On behalf of all in 1692, Oheda, an Oneida chief, said, " We 
desire the blacksmith's Anvill that is at Onondage may remain 
there, and that there may be a Smith permitted to goe and live 
there for the mending of our arms, and not to goe away againe 
so soon as they have Traded, as the other Smith did." — O'Cal- 
laghan, 3:844 



METALLIC [MPLEMBJNTS OV NEW STOCK INDIANS 



This may have produced bu1 little effect, and, Feb. 25, L693, the 
Onondaga speaker said to Gov. Fletcher: " Wee desire thai yo r 
Excellency would be pleased to ord r a Smith to bee with us ld o r 
country to repair our armes that wee may defend ourselves 
against the French." Fletcher replied: "I doe grant yo r requesl 
of a Smith, and will order one to live in yo r country to repair yo r 
armes." — O'CuUaffhcm, 4:23 

He was not so swift as his Indian name implied and they re 
oewed their request July 4, 1693, with an addition. " Wee begge 
of you to left us have a Smith *!<: a gunn stock maker in our 
Castle to mend our armes when theyare broaken." — O'Callaghan, 
4:43. 

In 1700 the French offered to furnish smiths to mend their 
axes and guns. Some years later' this led to a conflict of inter- 
ests in the Iroquois capital, concerning which Father Jacques 
d'Heu wrote from Onondaga, May 24, 1708: 

The English blacksmith has returned after nine months 
absence. On his arrival those of the French party were not will- 
ing to give him the anvil which belongs to them, and concealed 
it at my house and requested that a smith be sent from Montreal. 
That matter, I told them, would be discussed on M. de Joncaire's 
arrival. It seems to me that it would be very important for the 
good of religion and the French Colony, were there a French 
blacksmith here; the Englishman would then decamp. But this 
Blacksmith should be under the Black Gown and an exemplary 
man. One Donne' would be our man, but I see no prospect of 
him. The anvil was given to the English blacksmith, because 
those of the English party were beginning to mutiny. But I'm 
told that if a Blacksmith came from Montreal he would get at 
once the anvil and all the tools belonging to those of the French 
party.— O'Callaglian, 9:816 

There were afterward French smiths among the Senecas, but 
they did not remain long. It became a part of the New York 
policy to see that a reasonable number of its own blacksmiths 
were provided. Seldom have they been of such political impor- 
tance. 

In 1742 it cost £21 7Jd to set up the bellows, anvil and vise at 
Cayuga, of which New York bore the cost. So it was proposed 
to the colonies of New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut, in 



64 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



October 1747, " that a gunsmith be sent to each of the tribes fol- 
lowing, viz: The Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas, 
and two men with each gunsmith, to continue until next spring, 
and that goods valued at £360, New York currency, be sent with 
them." 

In the laws of the colony of New York mention is frequently 
made of these blacksmiths. By order Cornelius Van Blyck jr 
and company resided in the Senega country, Sep. 1, 1741, to 
Sep. 1, 1742, mending arms, etc. to prevent French plotting. 
About the same time Peter Lansing and Barent Staats jr were 
four months in the Cayuga country on the same business. In 1745 
Garrit H. Veeder, the Cayuga blacksmith, was paid £60, with 
something for sundries. Ryer Booen went to Onondaga with 
goods, two men and a gunsmith, and was there from November 
1747 to May 1748. 

Hendrick Herkemer, gunsmith at Onondaga, with two helpers 
and materials, was paid £70 for services from October 1748 to 
May 1749. The Seneca blacksmith had the same. It was cus- 
tomary to spend about six months in this service. Others are 
mentioned but it will suffice to speak of William Printup, black- 
smith at Onondaga in 1750. He was a favorite there for some 
years and his name is still borne at that place. 

This matter receives special attention here because it has been 
customary to speak of the anvils and blacksmith's tools which 
have been found as French. Few or none of them were. The 
Onondaga anvil, which Father cVHeu said belonged to the French 
party, the Onondagas asked permission of the English to retain 
but a few years before. The latter had furnished it and a smith. 
In the Seneca country alone did French smiths work, as far as 
records go, and that but for a short time. It is probable one 
may have been with the French colony at Onondaga lake in 1756 
but there is no clear proof of this. 

The Iroquois were not willing their dependents should have 
equal advantages with them. In 1750 the Shawnees and Nanti- 
cokes wished a smith at Wyoming, as well as at Shamokin Pa. 
and sent their request by Cammerhoff and Zeisberger. The 
Onondagas positively refused this. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 



65 



When we consider the greal quantities of axes thai the 
English and Dutch both sold and gave to the Iroquois, and the 
universal prevalence in early years of the form known as the 
French trade ax, we are led to believe that all were not French, 
but that this was the common European form two or three 
centuries ago, as it is in Germany yet. A large proportion, at 
least, seem to have been made a1 Utrecht. In any case most 
of the iron axes found on New York Indian sites passed through 
the hands of its colonists. 

Fig. 8 is much reduced and has one unique feature. While 
having* nearly the common outline, a sharp spike rises from the 
upper edge, "4 inches high, giving a height of 6^ inches to this 
corroded implement. It was found at Rome N. Y. and may be 
dated about the middle of the 18th century. 

Fig. 99 is a large and typical trade ax from Pompey, unusually 
wide for its length. It has the frequent three crosses and is very 
heavy. The figure is much reduced, the implement being &J 
inches long. This ax is in the Skaneateles library. Fig. 98 is a 
very large and peculiar ax, also much reduced, the actual length 
being lOf inches. The lateral edges of the blade are now parallel, 
but the posterior may have been cut or ground down. The three 
crosses give weight to this supposition. In its present condition 
it is unique. It is in the Cazenovia library and was found at 
Nelson Flats, Madison co. as well as the following two. 

Fig. 167 is the reduced form of a typical trade ax, with one 
unique feature. The two circles each inclose eight lines radiating 
from the center, instead of the cross. It is 7^ inches long with a 
blade nearly 4 inches wide. Fig. 168 is similar but larger, the 
extreme length being 8J inches and the greatest width 4 inches. 
The three circles on each side each inclose a double cross. Both 
these show one characteristic feature of these early axes, the 
angular indentation of the outline below the socket. Quite a 
number have been found in the town of Nelson. 

Fig. 90 is a curious ax in the Bigelow collection, which was 
found at Jack Reef on the Seneca river. It shows signs of 
long use, and was evidently once longer, but its most singular 
feature is a large rectangular perforation through the lower 



66 



NEW VOUK STATE MUKIOUM 



part. The posterior portion inclosing the socket is like some 
modern forms. The iron is much corroded. 

Fig. 116 is a reduced drawing of an iron ax belonging to the 
Johnstown historical society, and which was cast or forged in 
one piece. The slender iron handle was evidently intended to be 
inserted in one of wood. It is said to have been found 8 feet 
underground at Johnstown N. Y. and the general form is quite 
modern. The head is 3f inches from top to bottom and the 
length through the handle is 9| inches. 

Fig. 89 is another of these solid forms, of what may be called 
a tomahawk pattern. It has a slender projection like the last, 
for insertion in a wooden handle, and a sharp spike once pro- 
truded in front. The upper part terminates in a long and 
curved point. It is quite thin, and was found at Fort Bull near 
Rome N. Y. The length was 10 inches and it now measures 
inches from the curved tip to the front angle of the cutting 
edge. 

Fig. 102 is from the same place and of actual size. The cut- 
ting edge has been a little broken. This tomahawk is much like 
some of our present hatchets, but less angular. It is rather a 
frequent form. By degrees tomahawks took more slender, and 
even graceful shapes. Fig. 97 is a reduced representation of a 
very common kind. The maker's initials, J. G., are on both 
sides, and are shown in the drawing. Otherwise the surface is 
plain. This is owned by Wilson Johnson, on the Onondaga 
reservation and is 8-J inches long. 

Fig. 101 is a slender tomahawk, as long above the handle as 
below. The upper part is much curved and sharply pointed. 
This is in the Bigelow collection and came from Jack Reef on 
the Seneca river. It is one of the most frequent forms and its 
extreme length is 8J inches. 

Fig. 91 is a small iron tomahawk from Union Springs which 
approaches the pipe tomahawk form. Almost every variety of 
iron ax is represented there. Fig. 77 is a small iron hatchet 
from Fort Plain, and is quite unlike most others. It is in the 
Richmond collection. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS G7 

Fig. 100 is a fine and slender steel tomahawk, with a pipe- 
bowl, which belongs to Mr George Slocum of East Onondaga. 
He had it from an old Indian who said it was used in the war of 
1812. 

Fig. 92 is from a half size drawing of a pipe tomahawk by Mr 
R. A. Gricler. It is from the Bellinger farm, near Middleburg, 
Schoharie co. The handle is hollow and on it are 19 groups of 
three lines each which Mr Grider thought represented 19 scalps. 
They are quite as likely to have been purely ornamental. 

Fig. 93 is a pipe tomahawk of unusual form, the handle of 
which is handsomely inlaid. The total length is 12| inches and 
the part represented is of actual size. It is said to have been 
given by an Indian woman to Mrs Thomas Dixon of Jamesville 
N. Y. about 1800. 

Fig. 94 is a pewter tomahawk pipe found on Edward Black's 
farm, east of Onondaga lake and south of Liverpool N. Y. It 
has many moldings, and is slightly ornamented with dots. This 
would do very well for smoking and might have some slight 
value in war. 

Fig. 95 is another tomahawk pipe from Stone Arabia, of the 
same material and neatly made. This is in the Richmond col- 
lection. 

Fig. 88 is in the same cabinet, and came from Canada, but is 
no finer than many in New York. It is a brass pipe tomahawk, 
edged with steel and handsomely ornamented. Pipes of the 
same character may still be seen on the New York reservations, 
and many historical societies have good examples. 

Fig. 96 is not so common and is much reduced here. It is a 
tomahawk pipe belonging to Cornelius Johnson of the Onon- 
daga reservation. From the top of the bowl to the extreme 
point directly below is 10-J inches. Below the handle it has the 
form of a double-edged dagger, widest in the middle. The han- 
dle is adorned with brass nails and is finished with a brass knob 
in front. 

Fig. 179 is a curious steel tomahawk in Mr William Louns- 
berry's collection at Tioga Center, but found on the north side 



OS 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



of the river. The peculiarity is in a sharp projection at the top 
and toward the handle. About Owego and along the Susque- 
hanna above that point, iron axes and tomahawks frequently 
occur. Mr A. F. Bar r out has one from Owego of the general 
trade form, but angular above instead of rounded, which is 
probably of a later type. Dr A. D. Gould has a pipe tomahawk 
from Willow Point, and others have been found. 

Among the many tomahawks to be seen at Owego and vicin- 
ity is one belonging to Mr T. B. Reddish, which came from Mid- 
dleburg, Schoharie co., where there were Indian forts and vil- 
lages in the 18th century. This has a broad cutting edge, the 
implement being narrow at the socket and terminating in the 
long curved point above. On the expanded surface of the socket 
are the figures 1711. It is the only one reported with a date, 
except one from Pompey, dated in 1715. 

Another Owego ax resembles the trade form, but has a neat 
scroll pattern indented in the sides. It is probably more recent 
than the form would indicate, though many pipe tomahawks do 
little more than add the pipe to this early form. In some of 
these, at least, the pipe bowl is formed separately and fixed 
by a screw. 

Knives 

It is surprising to see what delicate and beautiful work our 
aborigines did with their simple implements of bone and stone, 
but they were not slow to see the advantages of metallic tools 
and gave an appropriate name to their makers. A simple steel 
knife had a value to them of which we can faintly conceive. 
Fancy a white boy in the country without a knife! What won- 
derful things captives have been able to accomplish with 
one. It is almost the foundation of all civilized skill. 

One early practice is commonly associated in our minds with 
the knife in the savage life of this land. It is that of scalping the 
dead. Fairly understood it has a different character from what 
many suppose, being the simple attestation or record of the war- 
rior's prowess. It was not cruel, for no man intended to scalp 
the living. It was not intended as a savage mutilation, but to 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OP NEW YORK INDIANS 



secure proof of what had boon actually done. It silenced the 
mere braggart, who had no scalps to show. Hideous as they seem 
to us, these were to the Indian what stars, crosses, and honorable 
medals are to the European soldier. Granting its savage 
features it was the plainest record in a savage state. 

The white man changed this. The honorable distinction be- 
came a source of gain. A price w r as placed on scalps, and men 
and women were killed for money. Fame and distinction became 
of less value than mercenary returns, for the white man paid for 
scalps and beaver skins as kindred commodities. Of this the red 
man had not before thought. 

The French paid scarcely $6 for men's scalps, but^King Louis 
thought they must economize in this. In 1694 he wrote to Fron- 
tenac and Champigny, then in Canada, that " His Majesty desires 
that they conform themselves to the order he gave them last 
year, to cease paying the Christian Indians 10 silver ecus for every 
Indian killed, 20 e'cus for each prisoner, and half these sums for 
women ; this will be a further diminution of the estimate. This 
expense can not be afforded. " — O'CaMaghan, 9:573 

The New 7 York colonists acted independently and more liberally 
-or else the general price had advanced in half a century. Under 
date of May 7, 1747, Col. Johnson wrote to Gov. Clinton: "We 
shall soon have abundance of prisoners and scalps, wherefore 
will require a great deal of money, which they expect will be 
ready here at their return. I have paid the first who came home 
£60 for the six scalps 1 brought from Crown Point which I could 
not avoid, and when the rest come in I must do the same, for they 
look to none else for it & must have it, as they say, punctually 
paid according to promise." — O'Callaghan, 6:361 

Many quotations might be made illustrating this subject. 
Whether bounties were paid by either side during the revolu- 
tionary war does not clearly appear, though it is probable. The 
noted account of scalps taken by the Senecas, published in 1782, 
was long believed but is now known to have been written by Dr 
Franklin for political purposes. It has yet a certain value as 
being a good description of how scalps were stretched, dried and 
painted. 



70 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



One of the great medicines of the Iroquois is connected with a 
traditional scalping incident and a great Hnron feast was 
founded on the same story. The owl and the wolf meet, and the 
coming of the Ontarraoura is predicted. This animal seems to 
be the panther, or mountain lion, and to him the resuscitation 
of the good hunter is ascribed. In the New York story the good 
hunter loses his life and scalp. After many trials a bird brings 
the scalp back, but it is so dry it will not fit. At last the eagle 
suggests softening it with the mountain dew which has collected 
between its shoulders. The scalp becomes pliable, is fitted to its- 
place, and the good hunter lives again, to the great joy of bird 
and beast. In this the presence or absence of the scalp becomes 
synonymous with life and death. — BeaiwJiamp 

In general there is nothing to distinguish the scalping from 
the hunting knife, but nearly all are pointed. Some were 
supplied ready for use; in other cases the handling seems to have 
been left to the sons of the forest. They were sold or given as 
presents by Dutch, English and French, and were of many forms 
and sizes. Illustrations will be given of a few of these but from 
their thinness most have perished. 

The Dutch so soon began a spirited Indian trade that the 
French could do little in New York, except among the Senecas. 
Knives were among the smaller articles which La Salle wanted 
at Fort Frontenac in 1684, but in 1708 M. de Longueuil reported 
that Schuyler had given the Iroquois 800 knives. At the siege 
of Detroit in 1712 the French Indians were given 190 butcher 
knives, to be used as bayonets. These may have been the long 
carving knives here shown. 

Among the presents to the Iroquois at Albany July 3, 1693, 
were 87 hatchets and four gross of knives; and among those 
recommended the next year were " 2. Grose of Knives black 
hafted sharpe points." They were an ordinary article of trade 
besides. Hence we may conclude that most of those found in 
New York were of Dutch or English make. During the period 
of the French missions here, French articles were quite freely 
used, but before and after the supply was small. This is not 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 71 

quite iii accordance with prevalent opinion, but the proof is 
Clear. West of Onondaga the French for awhile had a better 
chance. The question is one of interest but can be treated bet- 
ter in speaking of ornaments. 

Fig. 106 was found in the town of Venice N. Y. in September 
1SS7. It has a well preserved bone handle of European make 
*md the total length is 8^ inches. All the illustrations on this 
plate are reduced. Fig. 107 is quite like the last, but the bone 
handle is differently ornamented. It is in fine condition and was 
found at Scipioville in 1886. It is a trifle longer than the last, 
the point having been less ground. Fig. 109 is from Fleming in 
the same county and has a horn handle, possibly of Indian make. 
The form differs from the last two, and it saw more use. The 
full length is 9 inches. 

Fig. 110 is an iron knife in the Vail collection, found in the 
fort south of Pompey Center, with several others. This is a 
relic of the early Dutch trade r no distinctly French articles being 
found on this site. The handle is gone but the usual tang for 
bafting remains. The full length is 6j inches. Fig. 112 is from 
the same place, differing only in length, which is 9 inches. 

Fig. 122 is a much corroded knife from Pompey, belonging to 
the writer. It is wider than usual. Fig. 105 was found at East 
Cayuga in 1888 and is more suggestive of a typical scalping knife 
than most others. The rude handle is of horn, probably made 
by the Indian owner. Fig. 118 is much reduced. This knife is 
said to have been used in war, and was given to Albert Cusick 
by another old Onondaga Indian. The blade is sharp, slender 
and curved, and the wooden handle well preserved. The full 
length is 15 inches. 

Fig. 114 is almost unique, but there is another smaller one 
like it from an adjoining site. Both are from Fleming and were 
found in 1887. In this one but a small part of the iron blade 
remains. The handle is of brass and shows two Flemish lovers 
in an affectionate attitude. 

Two very remarkable French knives are drawn from photo- 
graphs furnished by Mr W. W. Henderson of Jamestown N. Y. 
In the illustrations they are much reduced from the full size. 
Under date of July 1, 1887, Mr Henderson wrote: 



72 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



The knives were found in gravel, below the base of an arti- 
ficial mound erected on a high ridge, through which a roadway 
had been cut, removing half the mound, and leaving the roadbed 
10 feet below the base of mound, as first discovered by early 
settlers. In excavating for the roadway the knives and bones no 
doubt slid down from a point above in the body of the mound. 
The apex of the mound is at present 15 feet or more above the 
roadbed. It is thought De Celeron with his large company of 
French and Indians camped near this spot in 1749, and long 
previous to this date the natives of this locality no doubt had 
intercourse and traffic with the French in Canada. . . The 
above mentioned mound is near Jamestown and the knives were 
taken from it April 1887. They bear the words " Lempier — Rue 
St Honore— 34. a Paris." 1 

In a letter dated May 10, 1901, Mr Henderson corrected this 

statement : 

Two steel French knives, 12 inches in length of blade, one 2 
inches in width at the handle and the other 1J inches, bearing 
the trademark " Sabatier, Rue St Honore, 84, A Paris," were 
found with a human skeleton in removing a large mound from 
highway near Fluvanna. They were doubtless obtained by the 
Senecas from the French in Canada by traffic or stealth, or were 
intrusively buried in this mound with some deceased French 
hunter. 

Fig. 169 shows the narrowest of these knives, the trademark 
being on the opposite side. It is 1J inches wide at the handle 
and 12 inches in length thence to the point. Fig. 170 is 2 inches 
wide at the handle with a blade 11 inches long. They are like 
the common carving knife and suggest the butcher knives to be 
used as bayonets. 

Fig. 72 is a large, flat and angular knife, made from a brass 
kettle, and found near Beaver lake, Lysander. Grooves and 
notches have been filed near the base, for secure attachment to 
the handle. Iron knives were so abundant that a makeshift like 
this is rare. 

Fig. 178 is a remarkable recent copper knife of moderate thick- 
ness, found by Mr Luke Fitch on Indian hill, Pompey. The 
form is that of a shoemaker's knife, and it has a tang for inser- 
tion. Iron knives are frequent there but this is the only copper 
one the writer has seen. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 



73 



Miscellaneous 

Prefatory to an account of a few miscellaneous metallic ob- 
jects found on Indian sites, it may be well to mention sonic of 
those of all kinds on which duties were imposed in New York in 
1686, and which were intended for Indian trade. Most of these 
have the word " Indian " prefixed. 

They were Indian duffels, strouds, blankets, plain cottons, half 
thicks, white Olembriggs, kettles, hatchets, hoes, red lead, ver- 
milion, cotton, red kerseys, knives, shirts, shot, woolen stock- 
ings, Indian haberdashery, drawing knives, looking-glasses, 
wooden combs, beads, tobacco in roll, belts, scissors, jew's-harps,. 
Indian paints, drills, tobacco boxes, Tinsie lace, gimp lace, 
needles, tobacco tongs, powder horns, Indian heales (steels). 
In the law of 1692 white osend cloth takes the place of white 
Olembriggs, and in that of 1699 it reads white Ozenbrugs Hel- 
lish. Both have bells instead of belts, and this is probably 
correct. Guns with all their parts afterward appeared among 
treaty presents, adzes, shears and toys, powder and ball, bars 
of lead, gun flints, shoes with and without buckles, hats, fans, 
articles of shell, laced coats and hats, red coats, jackknives, 
garters, tomahawks in 1714, silver medals, added to a large 
trade in ornaments of silver and brass. 

Peter Stuyvesant w T rote to the duke of York on behalf of 

the Dutch inhabitants, in 1667, in regard to this trade: 

Since the Trade of Beaver, (the most desirable comodity for 
Europe) hath allwayes been purchased from the Indyans, by the 
Comodities brought from Holland as Camper, Duffles, Hatch- 
etts, and other Iron worke made at Utrick & c much esteemed 
of by the Natives, It is to be fear'd that if those Comodities 
should fail them, the very Trade itself would fall, and that the 
ffrench of Canida, who are now incroach'd to be too neare 
Neighbours unto us (as but halfe a days journey from the 
Mohawkes) making use of their Necessities and supplying them, 
they will in time totally divert the Beaver Trade, and then the 
miserable consequences that will ensue, wee shall not have one 
shipp from Europe to trade with us. — O'Callaghan, 3:161 

On this general question of use and supply the liberty is taken 

of quoting part of a letter from Mr S. L. Frey on recent articles 



74 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



found in the Mohawk valley. Some of it may be irrelevant, but 

no more appropriate place may be found for it: 

In the modern sites there is found a great variety of traders' 
iron and copper work. I have some; principally iron axes, hoes, 
padlocks, jew's harps, thimbles, knives — some made from files, 
cold chisels, steels, etc. Copper kettles are found in graves, 
as well as ornaments of copper. I have but a few. Venetian 
beads are in great variety. Nails, buckles, and horse shoes are 
found; also hinges, gun locks and barrels. Every digger has 
some novelty. Most of the iron axes found here, marked with 
one, two and three crosses, were made at Utrecht for the Indian 
trade. The white clay pipes marked R. T., E. B., and others, 
are English, while some others are Dutch. They were given 
to the Indians by thousands. Gres de Flanders ware was 
brought in small quantities by the traders. I have one jug 
from a grave, and I know of one other with the arms of the 
city of Amsterdam on it. There is a curious white earthen 
vessel in the Richmond collection, from a grave, and I have 
heard of a few other pieces of earthenware. Bottles are sin- 
gularly scarce. I know of one " apostle spoon." I never heard 
of a single steel trap being found. English gun flints are not 
uncommon. A rum bottle with W. J. impressed (said by the 
finder to mean William Johnson) came from the site of the 
Jogues shrine. 

The writer again calls attention to the fact that the so called 
French axes were most of them made in the Netherlands. It 
is quite the fashion in the interior of New York to call any 
early European remains French and there are several nominal 
French forts where none ever stood. Articles of a religious 
character mostly came from that nation. 

Steel traps were commonly used at a distance from the towns 
and were not likely to be lost at home. The writer has found 
but one small one on an Indian site. This may be recent, but 
seems antique. Bottles are rare and may have been little used. 
The Indian did not drink while hunting, but emptied the keg 
at village feasts. Cups were used then, and several silver ones 
have been found. 

The above summary does not include everything furnished in 
the Indian trade, but no one who reads it will be surprised to 
find any article of the period on any Indian site later than 
the middle of the 17th century. It was a simple question of 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF MOW YORK INDIANS 



7r> 



use, taste and ready supply. No durable article mentioned 
above lias tailed to appear in one place or another while the list 
might be much extended. The Indians used compasses for 
laying- out geometric figures, and the writer has seen a hammer 
stone, with circles and an inscribed star, which was found in 
an Indian fireplace. Thimbles, locks and keys, bars of lead, 
buckles, sword hilts, large and small vises, pewter platters, 
spikes, trammel hooks, handsaws, anvils, cannon balls, horse- 
shoes, hammers, files, hoes, steels for striking fire, are among 
the articles found. Mr J. V. H. Clark says of the northern part 
of Pompey: "Wagon loads of old iron have been taken from 
these grounds." 

Fig. 10S is a fine and curious steel chisel from Pompey which 
was in the Ledyard collection. The edge is good and there are 
two long and deep grooves above this, one above the other, 
reaching about half way of the long and slender implement. 
The edges are chamfered near the base. 

Fig. 76 may be called an iron chisel. It is quite broad for its 
length, which is 4J inches including the broad tang. It was 
found in Fleming in 1887 and is much corroded. 

Fig. 126 is a quadrangular steel celt, found on lot 53, south- 
east of Pompey Center. All other remains known to the writer 
there are prehistoric, but the fort of 1640 is about a mile west 
of where this was found. It is a fine and unusual article. 

Fig. 124 is an iron awl from the fort just mentioned. It is 
corroded, but sharp and somewhat curved. Fig. 125, from the 
same place, is much like the last, but smaller. Some of the old 
Onondagas yet have similar ones in bone handles. Fig. 154 is 
from the same place, and is of the same general character. 
They are frequent there. 

Fig. 81 is in the Hildburgh collection and came from Ontario 
county. It is long, flat and sharp, and might be called an awl, 
but Mr Hildburgh considers it a brass arrow or spear head. In 
■either case it is an unusual form. 

Fig. 161 is a slender, flat and curved copper awl from Indian 
hill, Pompey, where many have been found. It has the appear- 
ance of being cast. 



76 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Fig. 123 is an iron spike found by Seneca river, in Lysander. 
It is cylindric, long and slender, with a narrow base, and is not 
a rare form. 

Fig. 64 is a long iron spear, greatly reduced in the illustration, 
the full length being 8-J inches. This was found in the town of 
Oakfield, and belongs to C. F. Moseley, of Bergen N. Y. The 
triangular base has a triangular perforation, and the other end 
forms a spearhead, occupying two fifths of the entire length. 

Fig. 119 is a spearhead at the end of a very long shank. It 
is of iron and was found 2 miles west of Canajoharie. Fig. 121 
has the same general form but the shank is but about half the 
length of the last. This was found at Indian Castle north of 
Watervale. The form is frequent and widespread. 

Fig. 115 is an iron spearhead, much like a double bladed knife 
or dagger. It is leaf-shaped and has a tang. This is from the 
fort south of Ponipey Center, where several have been found. 
It seems much rarer elsewhere. Fig. 120 is much like the last, 
but the blade is less than half the entire length. It was found 
in 1885 at Cross lake. 

Fig. 185 is a cylindric piece of copper, hammered down to a 
broad edge at one end. This is from Indian hill, Pompey. 

Fig. 69 is an old steel for striking fire with flint and tinder, 
which belongs to William Isaacs of the Onondaga reservation. 
This was the national emblem of the Mohawks and rude draw- 
ings of it may sometimes be seen attached to old treaties. The 
Mohawks probably got the flint and steel soon after coming to 
New York, if not while still in Canada. Their own name re- 
ferred to this as far back as it can be traced, and they came in 
contact with the whites first of all the Iroquois. The early 
Norsemen used the same form of steel. Many forms occur. 

Fragments of brass kettles were utilized for tools and orna- 
ments. Fig. 18 shows such a fragment notched for a saw. Fig. 
135 is a much larger piece, one edge of which is merely regularly 
cleft with a knife for the same purpose. It was found by the 
writer on the recent site near Wagner's hollow, in Montgomery 
county. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW STORK INDIANS 



Pig. 165 is a slender copper fishhook from the recent site 
know n as Upper Cayuga, on lot 11 L Ledyard. There were many 
of those there and at Scipioville. Pig. L66 is a large iron tisli- 
hook from Scipioville, where several were round. This one has 
the line still wound around the shank, where it was preserved 
by iron rust. 

Fig-. 162 is a pewter mug from a grave at East Cayuga site, 
lot 95, Fleming. Iu the mug were 44 French coins, dated from 
1642 to 1656, and mostly having two holes for suspension. All 
were of copper, about the size of our half cents but thinner. 
This mug was found by and still belongs to Mr John Perkins. 

Fig. 15 is a bullet as it came from the mold, found at Indian 
Castle, north of Watervale. Musket balls often occur in good 
condition, ready for use but unfinished. The writer has figured 
bullet molds from the same place. 

Two immense iron hoes w T ere found at Fort Bull near Rome 
>7. Y. One of them was 7f inches broad by 7 inches deep with 
an ample socket for the wooden handle. On the Cattaraugus 
reservation may still be seen similar great hoes which the Sen- 
ecas say were presents from Washington. 

Tobacco boxes were commonly changed into paint boxes and 
receptacles for ornaments. One of these, filled with trinkets, 
was found in a grave 2^ miles west of Fort Plain. They often 
occur in graves, placed there when it was the fashion to inter 
articles with the dead. This one w r as nearly 3 inches across. 

Mr W. W. Adams took out of one Cayuga grave the following 
articles, May 2, 1888: One brass kettle, 17 flints, two gunflints, 
six bullets, six long shell beads, a bone harpoon, three buck- 
horn handles, a knife with buckhorn handle, 21 gaming flints, 
three bars of lead, five rubbing stones, 16 bears tusks, tw T 0 
axes, two pairs of shears, four pairs of bullet molds, two gun- 
locks with flints, 47 pieces of gunlocks, 32 knives and cutting 
implements, two large iron shears, a gun 4 feet 8 inches long, 
a pipe, a piece of black paint, a piece of mica, two trigger guards, 
one wormer, a gun cleaner, steel and two flints, a quantity of 



78 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



powder in a cloth bag, two melting ladles and 2500 wampum 
beads. There were also some Jesuit bronze rings. 

Though this is a great quantity from one grave, attesting the 
dignity or wealth of the inmate, some others probably exceeded 
this in value when silver ornaments lavishly adorned the dead. 
Nothing was too good if they were really loved. The above 
list is curious in showing the contemporaneous use of many 
things. 

In describing the foregoing articles the writer has not forgot- 
ten that only those of native copper can be strictly called abo- 
riginal, but the later ones illustrated or mentioned were used 
by men still in their savage state, and in their own wild way. 
They were features of Indian life here for two centuries, and 
to understand that life we must know something of what was 
in daily use. It has been deemed sufficient to merely mention 
many things. Guns and all that appertain to them have been 
omitted. Jew's-harps needed no illustration, unless of a plumed 
-and painted warrior playing on one. Thus many things are 
omitted in the figures given as being well known in a general 
way, while prominence has been given to others of prehistoric 
age. Nearly half the figures are of native copper articles and 
references are made to very many more. By far the larger part of 
these have been found east of Cayuga lake, and north of the 
southern watershed of the Mohawk valley. West of the Gen- 
esee river and in the southeast part of the state few have been 
reported. This may be the result of several causes now left 
without discussion. 

The subject of metallic ornaments is left for another paper, 
though incidental reference has been made to them in this. 
They were very few in this state in prehistoric times, for readier 
and more showy materials were found. Copper implements 
were more in demand, for their toughness and durability rec- 
ommended them, even when stone could be more easily wrought. 
They reveal trade and travel, and a skill of no mean order in 
working with primitive tools. 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 79> 

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 

Page numbers refer to fuller descriptions In bulletin. 

Plate 1 

F ia. (All reduced) page 

1 Front and lateral views of native copper celt with 

flanged socket. Granby Center 26 

2 Thin native copper spear from Tompkins county, very 

long 34 

3 Large native copper celt from Keeseville 21 

Plate 2 

(All reduced) 

4 Native copper knife or ax from Plattsburg 26 

5 Native copper celt, front and side views. Oswego Falls 22 

6 Triangular recent arrowhead of copper, with shaft 

attached. Cayuga county 47 

7 Large native copper celt, town of Clay. Parallel edges 21 

8 Iron ax with spike above. Rome N. Y . . . . 65 

Plate 3 

9 Large native copper celt from Seneca river, 3 miles east 

of Baldwinsville. Side and back views 22 

10 Native copper celt or gouge from Phoenix, Oswego river. 

Front and side views 22 

11 Fragment of flat arrow, apparently native copper. 

Seneca river 32 

Plate 4 

12 Native copper celt with expanded edge, two views. 

Seneca river 25 

13 Native copper spear with flanged socket, two views. 

Seneca river 34 

14 Native copper spear or knife. Plattsburg 32 

Plate 5 

15 Lead bullet from Pompey. Unfinished 77 

16 Notched spearhead of native copper. Schoharie county . . 33 

17 Remarkable native copper awl. Palatine Bridge 28 

18 Saw made from fragment of brass kettle. Montgomery 

county 76 

19 Native copper celt with expanding sides. Wolfe 

island, near Cape Yincent 26 



'80 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Plate 6 

FIG. PAGE 

20 Two views of broad and rare gouge or spud of native 

copper. Seneca river near Port Byron 33 

21 Very small celt of native copper. Brewerton 27 

22 Small cylindric piece of native copper. Brewerton 27 

23 Native copper ax from Livingston county. Expanding 

sides 23 

24 Native copper knife. Cayuga county 34 

Plate 7 

25 Native copper knife or spear. Livingston county 31 

26 Unfinished native copper spear, with pointed base. 

Malta N. Y 31 

27 Tw t o views of native copper spear from town of Hannibal. 

Pointed base 30 

28 Native copper celt with expanded edge, from Dr Kau's 

figure. He gave no locality 26 

29 Two views of native copper cylinder from Oneida river. . 27 

Plate 8 

30 Native copper celt with expanded edge. Seneca river. 

Two views 25 

31 Two views of native copper spear with, pointed base. 

Seneca river , . . , 30 

32 Smaller spear of native copper. Near Seneca river. 

Pointed base 31 

33 Native copper spear with flanged socket. Wolfe island. 34 

Plate 9 

34 Native copper spear from Saratoga lake. Pointed base . . 33 

35 Two views of fine native copper spear. Baldwinsville. 

Pointed base 30 

36 Native copper spear w r ith broad tang. Ohazy, Clinton co. 32 

37 Copper knife with flanged socket. This may be recent. 

Cold Spring N. Y 35 

Plate 10 

38 Two views of native copper celt. Seneca river 25 

39 Native copper celt with parallel edges. Near Bridge- 

port N. Y 23 

40 Native copper ax slightly expanding. Manchester N. Y. 23 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OP NEW YORK INDIANS 81 

Plate 11 

FIG. PAOE 

41 Native copper spear with pointed base. Seneca river . . 32 

42 Native copper spear with three notches. Cayuga lake. . 31 

43 Flat copper spear of uncertain age. Brewerton 33 

44 Small copper spear with pointed base. North shore of 

Oneida lake 31 

45 Flat copper spear of uncertain age. Brewerton 33 

Plate 12 

46 Thin and large spear with rolled socket, made from brass 

kettle. Cattaraugus creek 47 

47 Two views of native copper spear with flanged socket. 

Oswego river : 36 

48 Native copper spear from Bay of Quinte. Flanged 

socket . 37 

49 Elliptic knife of native copper, with three notches. 

Venice N. Y 31 

50 Thin native copper spear, with broad notches. Onondaga 

valley 31 

Plate 13 

51 Very long native copper awl, from Cumberland bay. Lake 

Cham plain 37 

52 Two views of large and thin native copper spear. 

Plattsburg 33 

53 Two views of a native copper celt with parallel edges. 

Plattsburg 22 

54 Iron arrow with stem and two perforations. Baldwinsville 49 

55 Small native copper spear or arrow. Peru, Clinton co. 

Pointed base 32 

Plate 14 

56 Native copper spear with flanged socket. Poland, Chau- 

tauqua co 35 

57 Native copper spear with expanded tang. Schuyler Falls . 33 

58 Recent flat copper triangular arrow, with convex base. 

Pompey 49 

59 Notched native copper spear. Plattsburg 33 

60 Native copper ax, Auburn N. Y. From Squier's 

figure 23 



82 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Plate 15 

™»« PAGE 

61 Greatly reduced figure of largest native copper celt found 

in New York. This is parallel edged, and from the 
town of Oxford , 21 

62 Two views, of native copper celt from Brewerton 26 

63 Recent triangular copper arrow with indented base. 

Pompey 47 

64 Iron spear greatly reduced. Oak field 76 

Plate 16 

65 Native copper spear, long and with broad tang. Platts- 

burg. . , 32 

66 Unfinished spear of native copper. Clintonville, 

Clinton co 3T 

67 Native copper spear with flanged socket. Plattsburg. . . 3T 

68 Slender native copper knife or spear. Valcour island, 

Lake Champlain 32 

69 Steel for striking fire w T ith flint. Onondaga reservation . 76 

Plate 17 

70 Long triangular arrow of recent copper. Pompey 47 

71 Flat copper spearhead of doubtful age. Brewerton 33 

72 Flat brass knife made from kettle. Near Baldwins- 

viile 72 

73 Mutilated gouge of native copper, rare form. Constantia . 26 

Plate 18 

74 Long undulating native copper spear with pointed base. 

Ellisburg 30 

75 Rude native copper spear, slender and with broad base. 

Union Springs ...... 27 

76 Broad iron chisel, with tang. Fleming 75 

77 Peculiar iron hatchet from Fort Plain 66 

Plate 19 

78 Large knife of native copper from Livingston county 34 

79 Large cylindric pewter pipe bowl from the same county 57 

80 Yery slender and curved brass pipe from the town of 

Mohawk 57 

81 Flat and sharp brass arrow or awl. Ontario county .... 75 

82 Pentagonal and perforated arrow of rolled copper. 

Oneida county 47 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 83 

FIO. PAGE 

83 Pentagonal and perforated arrow of rolled copper, 

Livingston county 47 

84 Stemmed and Hat brass arrow. Oneida county 47 

85 Conical arrowhead of rolled copper, with part of shaft. 

Livingston county 50 

86 Small brass arrow of unusual form. Oneida lake 49 

Plate 20 

S7 Trade ax of 1015, Mile "Strip, town of Fenner. Peculiar 

trademark , GO 

88 Brass pipe tomahawk from Canada 67 

Plate 21 

89 Iron tomahawk made solid, and with tang. Fort Bull 

near Rome IN. Y . - % 66 

90 Peculiar iron ax with lateral perforation. Seneca river 65 

91 Slender iron tomahawk from Union Springs 66 

Plate 22 

92 Reduced pipe tomahawk from Middleburg, Schoharie 67 

co 67 

93 Broad-bladed pipe tomahawk at Jamesville N.Y 67 

94 Pewter pipe tomahawk from Onondaga lake 67 

95 Pewter pipe tomahawk from Stone Arabia 67 

Plate 23 

(All reduced) 

96 Unique daggerlike pipe tomahawk on Onondaga reserva- 

tion : 67 

97 Slender iron tomahawk at the sime place 66 

98 Large and unique trade ax. Nelson Flats, Madison co. . 65 

Plate 24 

(All reduced) 

99 Yery broad and typical trade ax. Pompey , * ......... 65 

100 Steel pipe tomahawk. Onondaga reservation , . ... 67 

101 Slender iron tomahawk from Seneca river. Curved top. 66 

Plate 25 

102 Broad iron hatchet from Fort Bull 66 

103 Long and perforated triangular copper arrow. Pompey. 48 

104 Large iron pipe bowl. East side of Seneca lake 57 

105 Curved steel knife, with rude horn handle. Cayuga 

county 71 



84 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Plate 26 

fig. (AH reduced) page 

106 Steel knife with bone handle, from the town of Venice 

JST. Y 71 

107 Steel knife with bone handle, from Scipioville 71 

108 Slender and peculiar chisel. Pompey 75 

109 Steel knife with horn handle, from Fleming 71 

110 Steel knife blade and tang from Pompey Center 71 

111 Barbed and stemmed brass arrowhead from same place. . 48 

112 Long steel knife blade and tang, from Pompey Center. . 71 

Plate 27 

113 Triangular copper arrowhead from Pompey. Lateral 

edges convex 48 

114 Part of iron knife blade and brass handle from Fleming. 71 

115 Bread leaf-shaped iron spear, with tang. Pompey Center . 76 

116 Iron ax and long tang made solid. Johnstown N. Y. . . 66 

117 Triangular brass or copper arrow, with part of shaft. 

Cayuga county 48 

118 Curved knife in wooden handle. Yery long, but reduced 

in the figure. Onondaga reservation 71 

Plate 28 

119 Triangular iron spearhead with long shank. West of 

Canajoharie 76 

120 Elliptic iron spearhead with long shank. Cross lake .... 76 

121 Triangular iron spearhead with long shank. Pompey .. 76 

122 Iron knife blade, much corroded. Pompey. , 71 

123 Stemmed and cylindric iron spike. Seneca river. 76 

121 Iron awl from near Pompey Center 75 

125 Similar but shorter awl from same place 75 

126 Fine quadrangular steel celt from Pompey 75 

Plate 29 

127 Curious lead pipe from Jefferson county 57 

128 Thick ear of brass kettle from Pompey , 54 

129 Perforated and triangular copper arrow from Pompey. 48 

130 Large and fine lead pipe, found north of Oneida river. . 57 

131 Two views of flat copper spatula, found near Seneca river 55 



METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 85 

Plate 30 

FIO. PAGE 

132 Slender iron pipe, found at Scipioville 57 

133 Iron arrow with indented base. Pompey 48 

134 Triangular perforated copper arrow. Pompey. Convex 

edges 48 

135 Saw made from copper kettle. Montgomery comity .... 76 
130 Part of pewter pipe found near Mapleton 57 

Plate 31 

137 Copper spoon made from kettle. Fort Plain 55 

13S Profile of a pewter spoon found in Cayuga county 55 

139 Full view of same 55 

140 Long triangular brass arrow from Pompey Center 48 

141 Triangular and indented brass arrow from Munnsville . . . 48 

142 Barbed and stemmed brass arrow from Phoenix 48 

143 Triangular copper arrow. Square perforation and in- 

dented base. Amsterdam N. Y 48 

144 Pentagonal copper arrow, with square perforation. Same 

place -. 48 

145 Fine lead pipe from Fleming 57 

146 Fine lead pipe from Pome N. Y 57 

Plate 32 

147 Full size of brass kettle from Honeoye Falls 54 

148 Conical and sharp arrow of recent copper. Montgomery 

county 50 

149 Triangular and perforated copper arrow, indented base. 

Pompey 49 

150 Triangular perforated copper arrow. Pompey 49 

151 Stemmed and barbed steel arrow. Onondaga county. . . 49 

152 Broad triangular and perforated copper arrow. Near 

Canajoharie 49 

153 Narrow perforated triangular copper arrow. Pompey.. 49 

154 Iron awl from near Pompey Center 75 

Plate 33 

155 Brass kettle, full size. Honeoye Falls 54 

156 Ear of brass kettle, full size. Pompey Center 54 

157 Barbed and stemmed brass arrow. Stone Arabia 48 

158 Brass kettle, much reduced. Cayuga county 54 



86 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



FIG. PAGE 

159 Triangular copper arrow with angular perforation. 

Amsterdam K Y 48 

160 Triangular brass arrow with indented base. Palatine 

Church 49 

Plate 34 

161 Copper awl, slightly curved. Pompey 75 

162 Pewter mug from grave in Fleming 77 

163 Kough iron spatula. Fleming 55 

164 Triangular brass arrow, convex base. Pompey 49 

165 Copper fishhook from recent site in Ledyard 77 

166 Large iron fishhook with part of line. Scipioville 77 

Plate 35 

(All reduced) 

167 Trade ax with unusual trade mark. Nelson Flats 65 

168 Larger trade ax from same place . , 65 

169 Long and narrow French steel knife from mound at 

Fluvanna. This and the next much more reduced 

than the ax 71 

170 Similar but broader knife found with the last 71 

Plate 36 

171 Native copper ax or gouge, from Avon N. Y 37 

172 Native copper spearhead from Saratoga county 38 

173 Native copper spearhead from outlet of Saratoga lake . . 38 

174 Native copper spearhead from Saratoga lake. 38 

Plate 37 

175 Native copper ax from Owego N. Y 39 

176 Native copper ax from Owego N. Y 39 

177 Fragment of hammered native copper from Avon N. Y. 38 

178 Kecent copper knife from Pompey 72 

179 Novel steel tomahawk from Tioga county N. Y 67 

Plate 38 

180 Skenandoah's silver pipe 57 

181 Iron pipe from Jefferson county 57 

182 Pipe of copper, pewter and wood, Oneida county 57 

183 Conical copper arrowhead from Pompey 50 

184 Iron arrowhead from Hopewell 49 

185 Copper chisel from Pompey , 76 



Plate 2 




Plate 3 




Plate 4 





Plate 5 




Plate 6 




Plate 7 




Plate 8 




Plate 11 




Plate 12 




Plate 14 




Plate 15 




Plate 16 




Plate 17 




Plate 18 




Plate 20 




I 



Plate 23 




Plate 24 




Plate 25 




Plate 27 




Plate 28 




Plate 29 




Plate 30 




Plate 31 




Plate 33 




Plate 34 




Plate 35 




Plate 36 




Plate 37 




Plate 38 




INDEX 



The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 48* 
means page 48, beginning in the third ninth oi the page, i. e. about one 
third of the way down. 



Abbott, C. C mentioned, 12 s , L4 4 ; 

cited, 13 4 , 27 4 , 30 5 . 
Abenaki's, 50°. 

.Vilnius, W. W., arrowhead found 
by, 4S ! ; articles found by, 77 T . 

Adsit, R., spear on farm of, 31 3 . 

Allegany river, circular work on 
bank of, 42 9 . 

Allen, A. W., collection, 32 1 . 

.illouez, Claude, cited, 9 9 -10 3 . 

Amsterdam, arrowhead from near, 
48 7 . 

Arrowheads, 42 7 , 43 2 , 47 1 -50 7 ; brass, 

8 1 ; of 1602, S\ 
Aseronni, 19 s . 

Athens historical society, 39 3 . 

Avon, ax or broad gouge from, 38\ 

Awatanik, mentioned, 9 6 . 

Awls, 28 2 , 75 7 . 

Ax of cast copper, 23 6 . 

Axes, 29*, 39\ 39 s , 43 4 ; trade, 

Baldwinsville, celt from, 22 4 ; ar- 
rowhead from, 49 s . 

Barber, Edwin A., cited, 59 3 . 

Barentsen, Peter, mentioned, 46 s . 

Barrott, A. F., tomahawk belonging 
to, 68 2 . 

Bartram, John, cited, 51 8 . 

Beads, 39 p , 43 4 . 

Beauchamp, William M., cited, 70\ 

Beaver lake, sponrhead from, 30 s ; 
knife from, 72 7 . 

Becker, William T., spearhead be- 
longing to, 38 9 ; collection, 40 7 . 

Belknap, Jeremy, cited, 7 4 . 

Bigelow collection, 21 s , 22 3 , 25°, 26', 
27 4 , 30 4 , 30 s , 31 3 , 32 4 , 34^, 36 9 , 43 s , 
5G 6 , 65 9 , 66 8 . 



Blacksmiths, 62*. 

Blacksnake, Gov., mentioned, 3G 8 . 
Booen, Ryer, mentioned, 64 4 . 
Boyle, David, cited, 13°, 47°. 
Brass implements, recent, 45 2 -50 7 . 
Brass kettles, 50 7 -56 3 . 
Brass tobacco boxes, 54 7 . 
Brereton, John, cited, 7 3 , 7 B . 
Brewerton, spearhead from, 33"; 

celts from, 26 4 , 27 6 . 
Briggs creek, arrowhead from, 50 2 . 
Bristol, Miles, mentioned, 60 3 . 
Broadalbin, ax from, 39 8 . 
Brockville, celts from, 26 3 . 
Bruyas, Father, mentioned, 19 9 . 
Burr, J. T. EL, cited, 60 7 . 

Cabots, mentioned, 6 5 . 
Cammerhoff, John F., cited, 51 4 , 
51 7 . 

Canada, copper articles from, 12\ 
13 7 , 44 9 ; brass pipe tomahawk 
from, 67 8 . 

Canajoharie, spearhead from near, 
7G 3 . 

Cartier, Jacques, mentioned, 6 T . 
Case, B. C, celt found on farm, 

22 s . I*'"- 
Cattaraugus county, copper articles 

from, 19 5 . 
Cattaraugus creek, copper arrows 

from, 43 3 ; spearhead, 47 4 ; trade 

axes, 60*. 
Cayuga, arrowhead from, 50*. 
Cayuga county, knife from, 34 2 ; 

arrowheads, 47 5 , 48 2 ; brass ketlle, 

54 3 ; spoons, 55 4 ; trade axes, GO 4 . 

See also Venice. 
Cazenovia creek, trade axes from, 

GO 2 . 



88 



NEW YORK STATE MDSEDM 



Celts, 2V-2 S , 39 3 , 39 s , 43 s , 75 s . 

Champlain, Samuel de, cited, 9 1 ; 
mentioned, GO 5 . 

Chapin, G. W., arrowhead belong- 
ing to, 50 B . 

Chautauqua county, copper arti- 
cles from, 19 5 . See also Poland. 

Chazy, spearhead from, 32 7 . 

Cheney, T. A., cited, 43 1 . 

Chisels, 42°, 75 4 . 

Clark, J. V. H., cited, 55 8 , 75 3 . 

Clay, celts from, 21 8 . 

Clinton, De Witt, cited, 58 2 . 

Clinton county, copper articles, 41 s . 
See also Clintonville; Peru. 

Clintonville, spear from, 37*. 

Coats, Irving W., drawing by, 23 3 . 

Coats collection, 49 s . 

Coit, J. W., spearhead found by, 
38 4 . 

Cold Spring, Cattaraugus county. 

tumulus in, 36 3 . 
Cold Spring on the Hudson, knife 

or spear from, 35 1 . 
Colden, Cadwallader, cited, 61 5 . 
Cole, N., cited, 42 s . 
Columbia county, see Stuyvesant. 
Constantia, gouge from, 26 s . 
Copper articles, how made, 18 7 ; 

native, 20 3 -45\ 
Copper implements, recent, 45 a -50 7 . 
Copper ornaments, 6 5 . 
Corlaer, cited, 45 s ; mentioned, 61 1 . 
Cross lake, spearhead from near, 

76 5 . 

Cumberland bay, awl from, 37 6 . 

Dablon, Father C, cited, 52 8 . 
Dann collection, 54*. 
Davis, E. H., mentioned, 17 8 . 
Dawson, Sir John W., cited, 6 7 . 
d'Heu, Jacques, cited, 63 5 , 64 7 . 
Deming's point, native copper 

from, 43*. 
Devoe, D. I., spoon belonging to, 

55 3 . 

Dixon, Mrs Thomas, tomahawk 

belonging to, 67*. 
Douglass, A. E., collection, 14 2 . 
Drills, 29 s , 29*. 



Duties imposed on certain articles, 
73*. 

East Aurora, copper implements 
from, 42 4 ; trade axes, GO 3 . 

East Cayuga, knife from, 71/'; 
pewter mug, 77 2 . 

East Onondaga, spearhead from, 
31 4 . 

E'dson, Obed, mentioned, 60 2 . 
Elephant's form engraved upon a 

copper relic, 35 s , 36 7 . 
Ellisburg, spearhead from, 30 3 ; 

chisel from, 42°. 
Explanation of plates, 79-8G. 

Fall River, arrowheads from, 47 1 . 
Farnham, celt found by, 21 4 . 
Fenton, W. T., cited, 35 3 . 
Fitch, Luke, knife found by, 72 9 . 
Fleming, ear of kettle from, 55 6 ; 

pipes, 57 5 , 59 2 ; knives, 71 3 , 71 8 ; 

iron chisel, 75 5 ; pewter mug, 77 3 . 
Fletcher, Gov., mentioned, 52 3 ; 

cited, G3 2 . 
Fort Plain, tobacco boxes from, 

77"; iron hatchet from, GG 9 . 
Foster, J. W., mentioned, 17 9 . 
Fredonia, copper spears from, 43°. 
Frey, S. L., cited, 28 2 , 74\ 
Frontenac, Count, mentioned, 50 p ; 

cited, 52 5 . 
Fulton county, see Northampton. 

Getman, Dr A. A., pipe belonging 

to, 57 s ; spearhead from Wolfe 

island, 34 s . 
Glens Falls, celt from near, 40 2 , 

40 5 ; spear from, 42 7 . 
Glenville, celts from, 39 |S ; beads 

from, 40 9 . 
Gosnold, Bartholomew, mentioned, 

T. 

Gouges, 33 9 -34\ 

Gould, A. D., pipe tomahawk be- 
longing to, G8 2 . 

Granby Center, celt from, 27 3 . 

Grider, R. A., drawings made by, 
31 9 , 33 3 , 55 2 , 67 2 ; mentioned, 48 s . 



INDEX TO METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OF NEW YOKK INDIANS 



89 



Hnckstaff, cu It found by, 21 9 . 
Hamill collection, 49?. 
Hamilton collection, 12*. 
Hannibal, spearhead from, 30°. 
Happy hollow, arrowhead from, 
49\ 

Harris, mentioned, 34'. 
Haynes, James, gouge found by, 
20°. 

Hazard, Samuel, cited, 1W. 
Henderson, W. W., photographs 

furnished by, 71 9 ; quoted, 72 1 . 
Hendricksen, Cornelis, cited, 4G 4 . 
Herkemer, Hendrick, mentioned, 

G4\ 

Hildburgh, W. L., collection, 34*, 

4T 7 , 50 1 , 57', 57 s , 75 s . 
Hinsdale, David, brass kettles 

found by, 55 s . 
Honcoye Falls, brass kettle from, 

54*. 

Hopkins, Albert, collection, 22 6 . 
Hough, F. B., cited, 42°. 
Hoy, P. R., cited, ll 2 , 18 s . 
Hudson, Henry, mentioned, 7 7 . 

Indian Castle, arrowhead from, 47 9 ; 

arrow, 48'; spearhead from near, 

7G 1 ; bullet from, 77\ 
Indian hill, arrowheads from, 47 9 , 

48 4 , 49 2 , 50 3 ; ear of brass kettle, 

54°; knife, 72 9 ; copper awl, 75 9 ; 

copper chisel, 7G 6 . 
Indian trade, 4G 3 , 73 2 . 
Iroquois, Tawasentha council, 45 5 ; 

cannibal tastes, 53 6 . 
Isaacs, William, steel for striking 

fire with flint belonging to, 7G G . 

Jack Reef, arrow from near, 32 s ; 
trade ax from, Go 9 ; tomahawk 
from, 66 s . 

Jefferson county, copper articles 
from, 19 7 ; pipes, 57 4 , 57 s . See also 
Fllisburg. 

Johnson, Cornelius, tomahawk pipe 
belonging to, 67 s . 

Johnson, Guy, council with the In- 
dians at Oswego, 53*. 

Johnson, Col. William, cited, 69 8 . 



Johnson, sir William, mentioned, 

er. 

Johnson, Wilson, tomahawk owned 
by, 66 7 . 

Johnstown, trade ax from, 66 2 . 
Johnstown historical society, 66\ 
Jordan, Francis, mentioned, 30'. 

Keeseville, celt from, 21°. 

Kellogg, D. S., cited, 14 s ; men- 
tioned, 21 9 , 2G 7 ; collection, 32 3 , 32 T , 
32 8 , 33 2 , 37 3 , 37 4 ; acknowledg- 
ments to, 37 8 . 

Kelly, Horace, spearhead found by, 
38 5 . 

Kettles, brass, 50 7 -56 3 . 
Kniv.es, 68°-72 9 . 

Lake Champlain, copper articles 
from, 12 7 ; knife or spear, 32 9 . 

Lake Superior, miries, 8 4 , 8 9 , 9 3 , 9", 
18 3 ; copper articles made near, 
11 s . 

Lang, Percy L., ax belonging to, 
Sd\ 

Lansing, Peter, mentioned, 64 s . 
Lapnam, I. A., mentioned, 17 9 , 18 5 . 
Larkin, Frederick, cited, 35 5 -36 9 . 
La Salle, mentioned, 52 2 , 70 p ; cited, 
62 3 . 

Ledyard, fishhook from, 77 1 . 
Ledyard collection, 75 4 . 
Letchworth, W. P., quoted, 42 3 . 
Lima, trade axes from, GO 3 . 
Liverpool, tomahawk pipe from, 
67 5 . 

Livingston, Robert, mentioned, 52 4 . 
Livingston county, ax from, 23 4 ; 

spear, 31 2 ; knife, 34 3 ; arrow, 47 8 ; 

arrowhead, 50 2 ; pipe, 57 1 . 
Longueuil, mentioned, 70". 
Loskiel, George Henry, cited, 15 5 , 

20 3 . 

Lounsberry, William, collection, 
G7 9 . 

Lysander, celt from, 25", 25 s , 26?; 
spearheads, 30 s , 34°; spears, 31 s , 
37 1 ; knife, 72 7 ; iron spike from 
near, 76 1 . 



90 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



IVCadison county, trade axes from, 
60*. See also Munnsville; Nelson 
Flats. 

Mahikans, 45* ; and Mohawks, war 

between, 46 6 . 
Maine, celt from, 14*. 
Malta, spear from, 31\ 
Manchester Center, celt from, 23 2 . 
Mapleton, pipe from, 57 7 . 
Markham, E. B., ax belonging to, 

30". 

Martin, John, collection, 22 s , 33*, 
37 5 ; cited, 3T 3 ; acknowledgments 
to, 37 8 . 

Maryland, native copper articles, 
44 9 . 

Megapolensis, cited, 19 9 . 
Metallic pipes, 56 5 -59 7 . 
Michigan, native copper articles, 
12 8 . 

Middleburg, pipe tomahawk from, 
67 2 ; tomahawk from, 68 3 . 

Midland City, copper knife from, 
44 6 . 

Minden, trade axes from, GO 5 . 
Minnesota, native copper articles, 
12*. 

Minquas, 46 3 , 46 5 , 46 s . 
Mohawk, pipe from, 57 s . 
Mohawks, treaty with the Dutch, 

45 5 ; and Mahikans, war between, 

46°. 

Montgomery county, see Wagner's 
hollow. 

Moore, Clarence B., cited, 24 9 -25 4 . 
Moorehead, Warren K., cited, ll 9 - 
12 3 . 

Moseley, C. F., collection, 54 4 ; 

spear belonging to, 7G 2 . 
Mount Morris, copper articles, 42 s . 
Munnsville, arrowhead fi*om near, 

48*. 

Murphy, W. B., spearhead belong- 
ing to, 33 3 . 

Nelson, J. W., cited, 43 5 ; knife or 

spear belonging to, 35 1 . 
Nelson, trade ax from, 65 9 . 
Nelson Flats, trade ax from, 65 6 . 



New England, native copper ar- 
ticles, 12 T . 

New Jersey, native copper articles, 
12 s . 

New York state museum collection, 

42 3 , 54°, 57 4 . 
Nisbert, William, mentioned, 38'. 
Northampton, celt from, 40''. 

Oakfield, iron spear from, 7G 2 . 
O'Callaghan, E. B., cited, 52 6 , 55 7 , 

61 9 , 62 6 , 63 2 , G3 5 , 69 4 . 
Ogden, Lorimer, spear found by, 

43 7 . 

Ogclensburg, pickax from, 42 G . 
Oheda, on blacksmiths, 62 s . 
Ohio, copper articles from, 14 2 . 
Ohio mounds, copper ornaments 

from, ll 9 . 
Onaghee, arrowhead from, 49 s . 
Oneida county, arrow from, 47 7 , 

47°. 

Oneida lake, spearhead from, 31 8 ; 

arrowhead, 49 5 ; brass kettle from 

near, 54 6 . 
Oneida river, copper cylinder from, 

28 1 ; celts from near, 26*. 
Oneida Valley, pipes from, 57 2 , 57 8 . 
Onondaga county, copper articles 

from, 19°; spearhead, 32*; trade 

axes, 60*. 
Onondaga historical association 

collection, 49°. 
Ontario county, trade axes from, 

60 4 ; brass arrow or spearhead, 

75°. See also Manchester Center. 
Oswego county, celt from, 22 6 . 
Oswego Falls, celt from near, 22 3 . 
Oswego river, spear from near, 37 1 ; 

arrow from near, 48 7 . 
Otsego county, see Sharon Springs. 
Ott, C. H , ax belonging to, 39 3 . 
Owego, axes found at, 39 4 ; arrow- 
head, 50 3 ; tomahawk, 68 2 . 
Oxford, celt from, 21*. 

Palatine bridge, awl and beads 

from, 41 s . 
Palatine Church, arrowhead from, 

49 1 . 



INDEX TO METALLIC IMPLEMENTS OK NEW YORK INDIANS 



91 



Pease, Addison, pewter pipe be- 
longing to, r>j> c . 

Pennsylvania, native copper ar- 
ticles, 12 s . 

Perkins, P. s.. mentioned, L2*. 

Perkins, George II., filed, L4 4 ; men- 
tioned, -\y\ 

Perkins, John, pewter mug found 
by, 77 :i . 

Perkins collection, IP. 

Pern, spear from, 32 3 . 

Phoenix, arrow from, 48 7 . 

'Pickax, 42-. 

Pipes, copper, 7 7 ; brass, T; metal- 
lic, 56 5 -59 7 . 

Plates, explanation of, 7D-8G. 

Plattsburg, celt from, 22 s ; knife or 
spear, :>i >7 ; arrow, 32 s ; spears, o3 2 , 
33*, 37 3 . 

Point Alexander, celt from, 26 1 . 

Poland, spear from, 35 4 . 

Pompey, arrowheads from, 47 6 , 4S\ 

4S 3 , 48 4 , 48 3 , 49% 4D 3 , 50?; ear of 

brass kettle, r>4 ,J ; trade ax, G5 4 ; 

tomahawk, 68*; knife, 71°, 72°; 

steel chisel, 75 4 ; copper awl, 75 9 ; 

copper chisel, 76". 
Pompey Center, arrowhead from 

fort south of, 48 2 ; ear of brass 

kettle, 55 1 ; knife, 71 4 ; celt, 75 6 ; 

iron awl, 75 r ; spearhead from 

near, 7G 4 . 
Port Byron, gouge from, 33 9 . 
Printup, William, mentioned, 64 3 . 
Putnam, F. W., cited, 24 9 -25 4 . 

Quinte, bay of, spear from near, 
37\ 

Radisson, P. E., cited, !)'. 

Pan, Charles, cited, IS 1 , 24 4 , 2G 5 . 

Red House valley, tumuli in vicin- 
ity of, 3f> 7 . 

Reddish, T. B., tomahawk belong- 
ing to, GS 3 . 

Richmond collection, 2G\ 48 9 , r>7 3 , 
GG' J , (!?. 

Rome, pipe from, 57 8 ; trade ax, G5 4 ; 

tomahawk, 66*; iron hoes, 77 r \ 
Rose, Albert, celt belonging to, 23 2 . 



St Joseph's island, spear or knife 

from, 44 6 . 
si Lawrence elver, cells from near, 

2GP. 

Saratoga, articles from, 42°. 

Saratoga county, spearhead from, 
38'; lance-shaped blades, 40 5 . 

Saratoga lake, spearheads from 
near, 33 3 , 38 4 , 38". 

Schenectady county, see Glenville. 

Schodack, celt from, 40 2 . 

Schoharie, article of native copper 
from, 42 3 . 

Schoolcraft, H. R., mentioned, 17°. 

Schroeppel, pipe from, 57*. 

Schuyler, Peter, mentioned, 52 l . 

Schuyler Falls, spear from, 33\ 

Scipio, pipe from, 57°. 

Scipioville, knife from, 71 3 ; fish- 
hooks, 77 1 . 

Seneca county, iron pipebowl from, 
57*. 

Seneca river, celt from near, 25 6 ; 

spearheads, 32*, 34 6 ; arrow, 32 s ; 

gouges, 34 1 ; copper spatula, 55 5 ; 

trade ax, 65 9 ; tomahawk, 66 8 ; 

iron spike, 76 1 . 
Shafer, D. F., mentioned, 42 3 . 
Sharon Springs, celt from, 40 1 . 
Sheldon fort, arrowheads from, 

48 3 , 49 2 . 

Shultz, J. F., celt found by, 21 7 . 
Simms, Jeptha R., cited, 58 4 . 
Slocum, George, spearhead found 

by, 3F; tomahawk belonging to, 

67 1 . 

Smith, Capt. John, cited, 16 3 , 16 s . 
Smithsonian institution, collection, 

21 9 , 23 4 , 3F, 34 5 , 35 5 . 
Somerville, N. J., celt from, 27 5 . 
Spearheads, 30?-3W, 42 s , 47 4 , 7G 3 . 
Spears, 29 8 , 43 7 , 76 2 . 
Spike, 44 3 . 
Spindles, 29 2 , 29 4 . 
Spoons, 55 2 . 

Squier, E. G., mentioned, 17 s ; cited, 

23 5 , 5G 1 , GO 4 , GO 5 . 
Slaats, Barent, jr, mentioned, G4 3 . 
Stand ish, Miles, pipe of, 59*. 
Steel chisel, 75 4 . 



92 



NEW YOEK STATE MUSEUM 



Stone, William L., cited, 38 4 , 40 8 , 
53 3 . 

Stone Arabia, arrowhead from, 48 9 ; 
tomahawk pipe, 67 6 . 

Strachey, William, cited, 1G 4 . 

Strong, Le Grand S., arrowhead be- 
longing to, 48 s . 

Stuyvesant, Peter, quoted, 73°. 

Stnyvesant, celts from, 40 1 , 42'. 

Susquehannas, 46 3 . 

Tataconicere, mentioned, 61 6 . 
Tawasentha council, 45 4 . 
Terry collection, 26 9 . 
Thomas, Cyrus, cited, 15 8 -l(r, 25 s , 
29 s . 

Three River Point, celt from, 44-. 

Tidd's island, celts from, 2G 3 . 

Tockwoghes, 16 7 . 

Tomahawks, 66 3 -68 5 . 

Tompkins county, spear from, 34 5 . 

Toronto collection, 13 7 , 27 3 . 

Trade axes, 59 8 -68\ 

Twining, J. S„ collection, 21-; 

spearhead found by, 30 3 ; pipe 

found by, 57\ 

Union Springs, spear from, 27 8 ; 
tomahawks from, 66°. 

University of Pennsylvania, col- 
lection, 12 3 . 

Upper Cayuga, fishhook from, 77 1 . 

Vail collection, 48", 7P. 

Valcour island, knife or spear 

from, 32 9 . 
Van der Donck, Adriaen, cited, 45°. 
Van Epps, P. M., drawing made by, 

38 9 , 39°; cited, 39 8 -41 7 , 43 4 . 



Van Rensselaer, H., pickax from 
farm of, 42 2 . 

Van Slyck, Cornelius, jr, men- 
tioned, 64*. 

Veeder, Garrit EL, mentioned, 64 4 . 

Venice, spearhead from, 31 7 ; knife 
from, 7T 2 . 

Vermont, copper implements from, 
IP. 

Verrazano, Giovanni, mentioned, G ,! . 

Wagman collection, 42". 

Wagner's hollow, saw made from 

copper kettle from near, 76°. 
Warren county, lance-shaped 

blades from, 40"'; spear from, 42 s . 
Was-to-heh-no, 53°. 
Waterbury, A. EL, collection, 23', 

38°. 

Weiser, Conrad, cited, 51 9 . 
Wells, Chester, celt found by, 27 3 . 
White, spearhead found by, 31 s . 
Whitney, J. W., mentioned, 17 9 . 
Whittlesey, Charles, mentioned, 18 1 , 

Williams, Roger, mentioned, 7 9 , 19 3 . 

Willoughby, C. C, acknowledg- 
ments to, 37 9 . 

Willow Point, pipe tomahawk 
from, G8 2 . 

Wilson, Thomas, mentioned, 19 1 . 

Wisconsin, copper mines, 12 3 ; cop- 
per articles, 29 2 , 44 7 . 

Wolfe island, celt from, 26 1 ; spear- 
head, 34 s ; spike and beads, 44*. 

Woods, Charles, celt found by, 22 4 . 

Woodworth, Henry, spear belong- 
ing to, 42 3 . 

Wyman, Walter C, mentioned, 57 9 ; 
cited, 58 3 . 



University of the State of New York 

New York State Museum 

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 

Any of the University publications will be sold in lots of 10 or more at 
20% discount. When sale copies are exhausted, the price for the few 
reserve copies is advanced to that charged by secondhand booksellers to 
limit their distribution to cases of special need. Such prices are inclosed 
m brackets. 

All publications are in paper covers, unless binding is specified. 
Museum annual reports 1847-date. All in print to i#p2, 50c a 
volume, 73c in cloth; iSp2-dale, 75c, cloth. 

Tbcse reports are made up of the reports of the director, geologist, paleontolo- 
gist, botanist and entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as 
advance sections of the reports. 

Geologist's annual reports 1881-date. Rep'ts 1, 3-13, 17-date, O. ; 
2, 14-16, Q. 

The annual reports of the early natural history survey, 1836-42 are out of print. 

Reports 1-4, 1881-84 were published only in separate form. Of the 5th report 
4 pages were reprinted in the 39th museum report, and a supplement to the 
Cth report was included in the 40th museum report. The 7th and subsequent 
reports are included in the 41st and following museum reports, except that 
certain lithographic plates iu the 11th report (1891), 13th (1893) are omitted 
from the 45th aud 47th museum reports. 

Separate volumes of the following only are available. 

Report Price Report Price Report Price 

12 (1892) $.50 16 $1 19 $.40 

14 .75 17 .75 20 .50 

15 1 18 .75 

In 1898 the paleontologic work of the state was made distinct from the geo- 
logic and will hereafter be reported separately. 

Paleontologist's annual reports 1899-date. 

See fourth note under Geologist's annual reports. 

Bound also with museum reports of which they form a part. Reports for 1899 
and 1900 may be had for 20c each. Beginning with 1901 these reports will 
be issued as bulletins. 

Botanist's annual reports 1869-date. 

Bound also with museum reports 22-date of which they form a part ; the first 
botanist's report appeared in the 22d museum report and is numbered 22. 

Reports 22-41, 48, 49, 50 and 52 (Museum bulletin 25) are out of print ; 42-47 
are inaccessible. Report 51 may be had for 40c; 53 for 20c: 54 for 50c. 
Beginning Avith 1901 these reports will be issued as bulletins. 

Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of 
New York have been published iu volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th museum report 
and in volume 1 of the 49th, 51st and 52d reports. The botanical part of the 51st 
is available also in separate form. The descriptions and illustrations of edible 
and unwholesome species contained iu the 49th, 51st and 52d reports have been 
revised and rearranged, and combined with others more recently prepared and 
constitute Museum memoir 4. 

Entomologist's annual reports on the injurious and other insects 
of the State of New York 1882-date. 

Bound also with museum reports of which they form a part. Beginning with 
1898 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4 are out of print, 
other reports with prices are: 

Report Price Report Price Report Price 

1 $.50 8 $.25 13 $.10 

2 .30 9 .25 14 (Mus. bul. 23) .20 

5 .25 10 .35 15 ( " 31) .15 

6 .15 11 .25 16 ( " 36) .25 

7 .20 12 .25 17 ( " 53) In press 
Reports 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound separately in cloth at 25c in 

addition to the price given above. 



UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Museum bulletins 1887-date. O. To advance subscribers, $2 a yeat 
or 50c a year for those of any one division : ( 1 ) geology, including 
economic geology, general zoology, archeology and mineralogy, (2) paleon- 
tology, (3) botany, (4) entomology. 

Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows : 

Bulletins Report Bulletins Report Bulletins Report 

12-15 48, v. 1 20-25 52, v. 1 35-36 54, v. 2 

16-17 50 " 26-31 53 " 37-44 " v. 3 

18-19 51 " 32-34 54 " 45-48 " v. 4 

The letter and figure in parenthesis after the bulletin number indicate the di- 
vision and series number. G=geology, EG=economic geology, Z=general 
zoology, A=archeology, M= mineralogy, P=paleontology, B=botany, E=ento- 
mology, Misc=miscellaneous. 

Volume i. 6 nos. $1.50 in cloth 

1 (Zi) Marshall, W: B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae. 
2op. Mar. 1892. 3c. 

2 (Bi) Peck, C: H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New- 
York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887. [35c] 

3 (EGi) Smock, J: C. Building Stone in the State of New York. 
152P. Mar. 1888. Out of print. 

4 (Mi) Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities. 
2op. rpl. Aug. 1888. 3c. 

5 (Ei) Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 32p. il. Nov. 
1888. IOC. 

6 (E2) Cut-worms. 36p. il. Nov. 1888. 10c. 

Volume 2. 4 nos. [$1.50] in cloth 

7 (EG2) Smock, J: C. First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore 
Districts in New York. 6-|-7op. map. June 1889. Out of print. 

8 (B2) Peck, C: H. Boleti of the United States. g6p. Sep. 1889. [30c] 

9 (Z2) Marshall, W: B. Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity 
of Albany, N. Y. 24P. ipl. Aug. 1890. 10c. 

10 (EG3) Smock, J: C. Building Stone in New York. 21 op. map. 
tab. Sep. 1890. 40c. 

Volume 3. 5 nos. 

11 (EG4) Merrill, F: J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries in New York. 
92p. i2pl. 2 maps, 11 tab. Ap. 1893. 40c. 

12 (EG5) Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industries of New York. 174P. 2pl. 
map. Mar. 1895. 30c. 

13 (E3) Lintner, J. A. Some Destructive Insects of New York State; 
San Jose Scale. 54p. 7pl. Ap. 1895. 13c. 

14 (Gi) Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships, 
Essex co. N. Y., with Notes on the Iron Mines. 38p. 7pl. 2 maps. 
Sep. 1895. ioc. 

15 (EG6) Merrill, F: J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 2 24p- 
2 maps. Sep. 1895. 40c. 

Volume 4 

16 (Ai) Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements 
of New York. 86p. 23PI. Oct. 1897. 23c. 

17 (EG7) Merrill, F: J. H. Road Materials and Road Building in 
New York. 52p. i4pl. 2 maps 34x45, 68x92cm. Oct. 1897. 13c. 
Maps separate jog each, two for ijc. 

18 (A2) Beauchamp, W: M. Polished Stone Articles Used by the New 
York Aborigines. 104P. 35pl. Nov. 1897. 23c. 



MUSEUM PURIFICATIONS 



19 (C12) Merrill, F: J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Col- 
lections of the New York State Museum. i62p. nopl. map. 
Nov. 1898. 40c. 

Volume 5 

20 (E4) Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 5pl. 
June 1898. jc. 

21 (G3) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. ipl. 
map. Sep. 1898. 5c. 

22 (A3) Beauchamp, W: M. Earthenware of the New York Ab- 
origines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1898. 25c. 

23 (E5) Felt, E. P. 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. 
i5op, il. 9pl. Dec. 1898. 20c. 

24 (E6) Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. 

Lintner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist's 
Reports 1-13. 3i6p. ipl. Oct. 1899. 35c. 

Supplement to 14th report of the state entomologist. 

25 (B3) Peck, C: H. Report of the State Botanist 1898. y6p. 5pl. 
Oct. 1899. Out of print. 

Volume 6 

26 (E7) Felt, E. P. Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New 
York Insects. 36p. il. Ap. 1899. 5c. 

27 (E8) Shade-tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May 

1899. 5c. 

28 (B4) Peck, C: H. Plants of North Elba. 2o6p. map. June 1899. 
20c. 

29 (Z3) Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 
r.24p. Oct. 1899. i^c. 

30 (EG8) Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 
i36p. il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. 15c. 

31 (E9) Felt, E. P. 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 
i28p. June 1900. 15c. 

Volume 7 

32 (A4) Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal Occupation of New York. 
i9op. i6pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1900. joc. 

33 (Z4) Farr, M. S. Check List of New York Birds. 224P. Ap. 1900. 25c. 

34 (Pi) Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Mont- 
gomery County; Prosser, C: S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mo- 
hawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. iopl. map. 
May 1900. 15c. 

35 (EG9) Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York: their Properties and 
Uses. 456p. 140PI. map. June 1900. $1, doth. 

36 (E10) Felt, E. P. 1 6th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 
n8p. i6pl. Mar. 1901. 25c. 

Volume 8 

37 (En) Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and 

Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54P. il. Sep. 1900. 10c. 

38 (Z5) Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeast 
North America. io6p. Oct. 1900. 15c. 

39 (P2) Clarke, J: M.; Simpson, G: B. & Loomis, F: B. Paleontologic 
Papers 1. 72p. il. i6pl. Oct. 1900. 15c. 

Contents: Clarke, J: M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the 

Oneonta Beds of the Chenango Valley, N. Y. 
Paropsonema Cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens- 

zone (Portage Beds) of Western New York. 

Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York . 

The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Cauandaigua Lake, N. Y. 



UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OE NEW YORK 



Simpson, G: B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose 
Corals. 

Loomis, F: B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York. 

40 (Z6) Simpson, G: B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra Albola- 
bris and Limax Maximus and Embryology .of Limax Maximus. 
82p. 28pl. Oct. 1901. 25c. 

41 (As) Beauchamp, W: M. Wampum and Shell Articles "Used by 
New York Indians. i66p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. joc. 

42 (P3) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and 
their Taxonomic Equivalents. 1 i4p. 2pl. map. Ap. 1901. 25c. 

43 (Z7) Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 
36p. 2pl. map. Ap. 1901. 10c. 

44 (EG10) Ries, Heinrich. Lime and Cement Industries of New York ; 
Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. In press. 

Volume 9 

45 (P4) Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and 
Vicinity. 286p. ll. i8pl. map. Ap. 1901. 65c; cloth goc. 

46 (E12) Felt, E. P. Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the 
Species in New York. 94P. il. 15PI. June 1901. 25c. 

47 (E13) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the 
Adirondacks. 234P. il. 36pl. Sep. 1901. 40c. 

48 (G4) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and 
Borough of Queens. 58p.il.9pl. map. Dec. 1901. 25c. 

Volume 10 

49 (P5) Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J: M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleonto- 
logic Papers 2. 240P. i3pl. Dec. 1901. 40c 

Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph HilL 
Clarke, J: M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with 

Bituminous Shales of the Marcellus Stage. 
Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co. N. Y. 
Clarke, J: M. New Agelacrinites. 

Value of Amnigenia as au Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits During the 

Devonic of New York, Ireland and the Rhineland. 

50 (A6) Beauchamp, W: M. Horn and Bone Implements of the New 
York Indians. ii2p. 43pl. Mar. 1902. joc. 

51 (Z8) Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Ba- 
trachians of New York. 64P. il. ipl. Ap. 1902. 15c. 

Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. 

Paulmier, F. C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. 

52 (P6) Clarke, J: M. Report of the State Paleontologist 190 1. In press. 

53 (E14) Felt, E. P. 17 th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 
In press. 

54 (B5) Peck, C: H. Report of the State Botanist 1901. In press. 



55 (A7) Beauchamp, W: M. Metallic Implements of the New York 
Indians. 94P. 38 pi. June 1902. 25c. 

56 (G5) Merrill, F: J. H. Geologic Map of New York. In press. 

Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and 

Canada. In press. 

Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. In press. 
Dickinson, H. T. Bluestone Quarries in New York. In press. 
Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineral Collections of the New York 
State Museum. I?i press. 

Clarke, J: M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in 
the New York State Museum. In press. 



B C 1 0. 5 



University of the State of New York 

Sta te Museum 

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS {continued) 

Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q. 

1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian 
Brachiopoda. o6p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. Out of print. 

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 
7opl. * Oct. 1899. $i, cloth. 

3 Clarke, J: M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia 
Co. N. Y. i28p. 9pl. Oct. 1900. 80c. 

4 Peck, C: H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. io6p. 25PI. Nov. 1900. 75^. 

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 
49th, 51st and 52d reports of the state botanist. 

5 Clarke, J: M., and Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Guelph Formation and 
Fauna of Western New York. In preparation. 

Natural history of New York. 30V. il. pi. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94. 

division 1 zoology. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York ; or, The New 
York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto ob- 
served within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally 
found near its borders, and accompanied by appropriate illustrations. 5 v. il. 
pi. maps. sq. Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print. 
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W: H. Seward. 17Sp. 

v. 1 ptl Mammalia. 13+I46p. 33pl. 1842. 

300 copies with hand-colored plates, 
v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12-r-380p. 141pl. 1844. 

Colored plates. 

v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7-f-98p. pt4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842. 

pt3-4 bound together. 

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 79pl. 1842. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

v. 5 pt5 Mollusca. 4-f-271p. 40pl. pt6 Crustacea. 70p. 13pl. 1813-44. 
Hand-colored plates: pt5-6 bound together. 

division 2 botany. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; comprising 
full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hitherto dis- 
covered in the state, with remarks on their economical and medical proper- 
ties. 2v. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1843. Out of print. 

v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

division 3 mineralogy. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York ; comprising 
detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, 
and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture, il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 
1842. Out of print. 

v. 1 ptl Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24-{-536p. 1842. 
8 plates additional to those, printed as part of the text. 

division 4 geology. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lardner 
& Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v.il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1842-43. 
Out of print. 

v. 1 ptl Mather, W: W. First geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843. 
v. 2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second geological District. 10+437p. 17pl. 1842. 
v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third geological District. 306p. 1842. 
v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth geological District. 22-f-683p. Map and 19pl. 
1843. 

division 5 agriculture. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; com- 
prising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the 
soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, 
together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agricultural produc- 
tions of tbe state. 5v. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1846-54. Out of print. 

v. 1 Soils of the State, their Composition aud Distribution. ll-f-371p. 21pl. 
1846. 



University of the State of New York 



v. 2 Analyses of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849. 
With hand-colored plates. 

v.3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851. 

v. 4 Plates to accompaDy v. 3. 95pl, 1851. 
Hand-colored. 

v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8-|-272p. 50pl. 1854. 

With hand-colored plates. 

division 6 paleontology. Hall, James. Paleontology of New York. 8v. il. 
pi. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth. 

v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System. 23+338p, 
99pl. 1847. Out of print. 

v, 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System. 
8+362p. 104pl. 1852, Out of print. 

v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sand- 
stone, ptl, text. 12-f532p. 1859. [$3.50] 

pt2, 143pl. 1861. $2.50. 

v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and Che- 
mung Groups. ll-f-l-j-428p. 99 pi. 1867. $2.50. 

v. 5 ptl Lamellibrauchiata 1. Mouomyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton 
and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.30. 

Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, 

Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. olpl. 1885. $2.30. 

pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helderberg, 

Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2 v. 1879. v. 1, text. 15-|-492p. 
v. 2, 120pl. $2.30 for 2 v. 

v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Upper Helderberg and Hamilton 
Groups. 24-f-298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.30. 

v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oriskany, Upper Helderberg, Hamil- 
ton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill Groups. 64-}-236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. 
supplement to v. 5, pt2. Pteropoda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. 18pl. 
1888. $2.30. 

v. 8 ptl Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 

16+367p. 44 pi. 1892. $^.50. 
pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16-f-394p. 84pl. 1894. $2.30. 

Museum handbooks 1893-date. 7^x12^ cm. 

In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as 
below. 

H5 New York State Museum. 14P. il. 3c. 

Outlines history and work of the museum; with list of staff and scientific 
publications, 1893. 

H13 Paleontology. 8p. 2c. 

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads : Definition; 
Relation to biology ; Relation to stratigraphy ; History of paleontology in New 
York. 

H15 Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 
i2op. Sc. 

Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of paleozoic rocks, pre- 
pared specially for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint them- 
selves more intimately with the classic rocks of this state. 
Hl6 Entomology. 8p. Out of print, 
H17 Geology. In preparation. 

Maps. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State 
of New York. 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. Out of 

print. 

New edition in preparation. 

Printed also with Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th museum report, v. 1. 

Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. In 

atlas form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet doc. 

The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, 
Dutchess, Putnam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and 
Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties ; also north- 
eastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut. 






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